Read the text and do the exercises after it
A drug class is a group of medications that may work in the same way, have a similar chemical structure, or are used to treat the same health condition. A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Drugs are classified according to their effect on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses, and their chemical characteristics. A class of drugs is a group of drugs that have similar characteristics; they may cure the same diseases, have similar chemical structures or work in the same way. Example: morphine can be classified as a central nervous system depressant and a narcotic or opioid analgesic. The names of therapeutic classifications usually reflect the condition for which the drugs are used (e.g., antidepressants, antihypertensives). Sometimes, the names of many drug groups reflect their chemical characteristics rather than their therapeutic uses (e.g., adrenergics, benzodiazepines). Many drugs fit into multiple groups because they have wide-ranging effects on the human body.
There are several cases where a drug can have multiple classes, either by indication, mechanism of action, or route of administration. Additionally, drugs can also be classified in 3 different ways: – By body system – By the action of the agents – By the drug’s mechanism of action
It is important to keep in mind that the effects produced by any drug can vary significantly and is largely dependent on the dose and way that it is administered. Concurrent use of other drugs can enhance or block an effect and substance abusers often take more than one drug to boost the desired effects or counter unwanted side effects. This means that the risks involved with drug abuse cannot be accurately predicted because each user has his or her-own unique sensitivity to a drug.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is a drug class?
2. How many classes of drugs are there?
3. Do all controlled substances have common traits?
4. Do controlled substances produce dependence?
5. What is drug abuse?
6. What is drug dependence?
Odd one out
1. sedative, expectorant, antipyretic, to dispense drugs, antispasmodic.
2. chemist’s shop, pharmacist, adult prescription, suppository.
3. ointment, drops, safe dose, suppository, pill, powder.
4. indications, contraindications, use in pregnancy and lactation, to increase a dose.
5. pharmacological properties, treatment of over dosage, side effects, to administer a drug orally.
Speaking
Make up the dialogues using the following words and word combinations:
a) to have a bad headache; to have a sore throat; to look seedy (неважно); to resolve(decide); after milk; to call the doctor; powders.
b) to order the tincture; mixture; without a prescription; before use; twice a day; to shake the mixture.
c) to have a prescription; in a couple of hours; nasal drops; syringes; dropping bottle; to be in great demand.
d) to be effective; at once; to abolish pain; precautions; data sheet; something for a headache.
Complete the sentences, using the word combinations given below:
To use some medicine prescribed for your friend; not to keep the medicine in a cool place; to tell the doctor about your mistake; to read the prescription carefully; to substitute one drug for another; to keep the medicine in a locked box.
Тема 7.3. Medicinal Plants / Лекарственные растения
Level A
We learn the new words / Мы учим новые слова
| plant — растение | root – корень |
| leaf – лист; leaves — листья | photosynthesis — фотосинтез |
| seed — семя | source – источник |
| stem — стебель | grow (grew, grown) – выращивать, расти |
| flower — цветок | purpose – цель |
| growth — рост | support — поддерживать |
We read / Мы читаем
Read and translate the text / Прочитайте и переведите текст
Plants are highly important sources of food for man. They supply us with clothing and many other things as well. Plants are grown and used for many purposes.
The principal parts of a plant are: 1) the root system, 2) the stems and leaves, 3) the reproductive part made up of flowers or seeds.
The roots have two main functions – to absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil. As to stems and leaves, the food used in growth is manufactured in the leaves. This process used is known as photosynthesis. To support the leaves and to connect them with the roots are the main functions of the stem. The shape and the position of the leaves vary to a considerable extent with the species.
A flower is the part of the plant where seeds are produced. All parts of a plant must be developed well and proportionally enough to function property. If condition for plant growth is bad, the plant will be too weak to develop its parts well.
Answer the questions / Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What are the principal parts of a plant?
2. What is the main function of the root?
3. What is photosynthesis?
4. What are the main functions of the stem?
5. Where are seeds produced?
6. How must all parts of a plant be developed?
We write / Мы пишем
Найдите эквиваленты следующих русских слов и выражений:
Важный источник пищи, корневая система, в значительной мере, различаются в зависимости от вида, условия для роста растений, слабое растение, фотосинтез.
Level B
Vocabulary
| inflorescence – соцветие | root – корень |
| herb/Herbaceous -трава/травянистое растение | grass – трава |
| bush – кустарник | tend – иметь тенденцию |
| stalk, stem – стебель | applicable — применимый |
| dice – нарезать кубиками | property – свойство |
| leaf – лист | base – основание |
| supplement [‗’sΛpliment] — добавление, дополнение | tincture; infusion — настойка |
| solid extracts — твердые экстраты weed — сорняк | essential oil – эфирное масло |
Reading
Medicinal plants
Medicinal plants can be used by anyone, for example as part of a salad, herbal tea or supplement, although some dangerous herbs are restricted from sale to the public. Many common weeds have medicinal properties (e.g. dandelion). Medicinal herbs can be used in various forms:
Herbal teas: There are two methods of making herbal teas, infusion and decoction. Herbal teas are often used as a home remedy, and as an alternative to tea and coffee.
Herbal tinctures: Herbalists may mix several herbal tinctures to form an individualized prescription for each patient. Plant tinctures are also the basis for many homeopathic medicines.
Fluid extracts: Fluid extracts are stronger than herbal tinctures, and can be made with alcohol or glycerin.
Powdered herbs and tablets: Herbs that are dried and (sometimes) certain parts are separated out then diced to powder fine consistency.
Herbal creams and ointments: An ointment usually is mixed with beeswax (or something similar) to make it more applicable to outside the body, such as on a cut or wound.
Essential oils: These plant oils may be used internally in some forms of herbal medicine as well as in aromatherapy and generally for perfume, although their medicinal use as a natural treatment (alternative medicine)has proved highly efficacious in the treatment of headache and muscle pain, joint pain and certain skin diseases.
Herbal supplements: Herbal supplements tend to be commercial products in tablet or capsule form manufactured and marketed by the health food industry for sale in retail outlets to the general public.
Перевод plants are highly important sources of food for man
Topic . Agronomy. Plant, its parts and functions. Infinitive.
make up for smth — компенсувати
make up one’s mind — прийняти рішення
make yourself at home — будьте як вдома
man of his word — господар свого слова, тримає слово
mean well — хотіти зробити, як краще
might as well — може бути непогано
missing person — зниклий чоловік (у розшуку)
meet someone halfway — йти на компроміс з кимось
never mind — неважливо, нічого
not to mention — не кажучи вже
9.1 Translate the sentences.
1. I’ll make up for the time you spent on it.
2. When will you go? Make up your mind.
3. Come in please. Make yourself at home.
4. You can depend on his promise to help. He ‘ s a man of his word.
5. He meant well , but it turned out that he spoiled a couple of things for me.
6. I might as well telephone him now.
7. The little boy disappeared. The police registered him as a missing person.
8. He’s reasonable and tries to meet his coworkers halfway, when possible.
9. Thank you. — Never mind.
10. We have three dogs, not to mention two cats.
10. Do exercises on the use of Infinitive
10. 1. Translate English proverbs with Infinitive
1). Live not to eat, but eat to live. 
2) Men are not to be measured in inches.
3) Friendship is not to be bought at a fair.
4) It is love that makes the world go round.
5) Treat others as you would like to be treated.
6) It takes two to make a quarrel.
7) It is a woman’s privilege to change her mind.
10. 2. Read and translate famous people quotes. Pay attention on the use of Infinitive
1) It is better to be faithful than famous. (Th. Roosevelt).
2) It is easy to be brave from a safe distance. (Aesop).
3) Better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak out and remove all doubt . (A. Lincoln).
10. 3. Insert the necessary verb into the sentence
1. I haven’t got anything . ( eat ; to eat)
2. I would like . ( go ; to go) out tonight.
3. Can you . ( lend ; to lend) me some money please?
4. She let her son . ( go; to go) out alone.
5. I hope . (see ; to see) you again soon .
6. Do you want me . (give ; to give) more information about him ?
7. Can you . (tell; to tell) me the way , please ?
8. They want . ( go; to go ) to the beach .
9. You must . ( do ; to do) your homework by Monday.
10. I would like . (visit ; to visit) to her .
TheUS higher education
The need for higher education in the United States has grown with advances in knowledge and technology. Many jobs now require college and university training. Therefore, high school students are encouraged to earn as much education as they can.
2. Граматичний матеріал: Теперішній неозначений час.The Present Indefinite Tense.
Ex.1.Make these sentences interrogative and negative.
1. I often meet my friend here. 2. You go to the factory every day. 3. I read newspapers every morning. 4. His sisters always give me books. 5. He reads newspapers at home. 6. She goes to the disco every Sunday. 7. It helps. 8. They often come here. 9. We write questions at home. 10. He often sends me English books.
Ex.2.Insert the words: often, usually, seldom, never, always, sometimes, every morning (evening, afternoon).
1. She goes to the cinema with her friends. 2. We write exercises in class. 3. We meet at the university. 4. I drink tea in the morning. 5. I have an early breakfast. 6. We take this book from the reading-room.
Ex. 3.Read quickly inserting DO or DOES.
1. … you like English? 2. …your friend like it? 3. … he often come here? 4. … your friend drink coffee in the morning? 5. … you smoke during the breaks? 6. … you like picture in my dining-room? 7. …they come in time? 8. … you know him? 9. … he live in a house or in a flat? 10. … she like tennis?
Ex. 4.Tell what usually happens or ask using the verbs in Present Simple.
1. Я навчаюсь у школі. 2. Ми працюємо. 3. Вони не ходять у театр. 4. Ви працюєте? — Так. 5. Вона працює? — Ні. Вона вчиться. 6. Мій брат не вчиться. Він працює. 7. Моя сестра не читає книги. 8. Наша бабуся любить спати на дивані. 9. Ви любите відпочивати в кріслі? 10. Мій брат не любить читати газети. 11. Ми спимо в спальні. 12. Мій брат спить на дивані. 14. Моя сестра одягається перед дзеркалом. 15. Мій дядя пише книги. 16. Мы пишемо вправи в школі.
Ex. 5.Translate into English using the verbs in Present Simple.
1. Коли ви встаєте? — Я встаю о сьомій. 2. Коли встає твій брат? — Він встає о пів на восьму. — А твоя сестра теж встає о пів на восьму? — Ні. Мій брат ходить до школи, а моя сестра не ходить до школи. Вона ще не учениця. Вона встає о дев’ятій. 3. Мій брат працює в лікарні. Він лікар. Він встає о шостій. Він працює вранці та вдень. Увечері він не працює. Увечері він відпочіває (rest). 4. Твоя сестра розмовляє французською? — Ні. Вона розмовляє німецькою, а її чоловік розмовляє англійською.
3. Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування: PLANT
Plants are highly important sources of food for man. They supply us with clothing and many other things as well. Plants are grown and used for many purposes.
The principal parts of a plant are: 1) the root system, 2) the stems and leaves, 3) the reproductive part made up of flowers or seeds.
The roots have two main functions — to absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil. As to stems and leaves, the food used in growth is manufactured in the leaves. This process is known as photosynthesis. To support the leaves and to connect those with the roots are the main functions of the stem. The shape and the position of the leaves vary to a considerable extent with the species.
A flower is the part of the plant where seeds are produced.
All parts of a plant must be developed well and proportion-ally enough to function properly. If conditions for plant growth are bad, the plant will be too weak to develop its parts well.
1) reproductive part — органы размножения
2) vary to a considerable extent with the species — различаются в значительной мере в зависимости от вида.
Ex. 1 Answer the questions:
1) What are the principal parts of a plant?
2) What are the main functions of the roots?
3) What is photosynthesis?
4) What are the main functions of the stem?
5) Where are the seeds produced?
6) How must all parts of a plant be developed?
Ex. 2 Translate into English:
важный источник пищи, кореневая система, в значительной мере, различаются в зависимости от вида, условия для роста растения, слабое растение, фотосинтез.
Література:
1. О. Письменная. Английский язык: экология и охрана окружающей среды: — К.: ООО «ИП Логос-М», М.: ООО «Айрис-прес, 2007. – 368с
2. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповнене – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.
3. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.
4. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.
5. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.