Английский язык. English in Dentistry
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Использование английского языка в практике стоматолога — это уже необходимость, а не дань моде. Целью учебника является формирование основных умений использования английского языка в качестве средства информационной деятельности и профессионального общения. Предусматривается развитие навыков и умений чтения, аудирования и произношения на английском языке на материале лексики и грамматических структур, типичных для медицинской литературы.
Издание содержит оригинальные научно-популярные тексты, лексические,грамматические и коммуникативные упражнения, грамматические комментарии, справочные материалы и англо-русский стоматологический словарь(с транскрипцией).
Учебник, разработанный преподавателями кафедры иностранных языков МГМСУ им. А.И. Евдокимова, предназначен для студентов-стоматологов.
Оглавление
UNIT I. Becoming a Dentist
Lesson 1. An Introduction to Dentistry. Why Consider a Dental Career.
Grammar: Present and Past Simple
Lesson 2. Students’ Life. Dental Education Abroad
Grammar: Future Simple
UNIT II. Major Organ Systems
Lesson 3. Musculoskeletal System. Skull Bones. Cardiovascular System
Grammar: Participle I. Continuous Tenses
Lesson 4. Nervous System. Gastrointestinal System. Respiratory System
Grammar: Continuous Tenses (Revision). Participle I (Revision)
Unit III. Human Teeth. Eruption of Teeth
Lesson 5. Structure and Functions of Teeth
Grammar: Participle II. Present Perfect
Lesson 6. Eruption of Teeth
Grammar: Past Perfect. Future Perfect
UNIT IV. Mouth Cavity. Dental Tissues
Lesson 7. Mouth Cavity
Grammar: Simple Tenses. Passive Voice
Lesson 8. Dental Tissues
Grammar: Continuous and Perfect Tenses. Passive Voice
UNIT V. Maxilla. Mandible
Lesson 9. The Superior Maxillary Bones
Lesson 10. The Mandible Grammar: The Complex Subject
Lesson 11. Dentistry Today. The College of Dentistry of New York University
Grammar: Revision. English Tenses (Active and Passive).
UNIT VII. Diseases of the Teeth and Mouth Cavity
Lesson 12. Diseases of the Teeth
Grammar: Modal Verbs and their Equivalents. Participles
Lesson 13. Diseases of the Mouth.
Grammar. The Absolute Participial Construction. Tense Forms (Revision)
UNIT VIII. Oral Disease Prevention
Lesson 15. Preventive Dentistry
Grammar: Modal Verbs. Infi nitive (Revision)
UNIT IX. Health Care in Russia
Lesson 16. Public Health in Russia
Grammar: Functions of the Infi nitive
Lesson 17. At the Doctor’s.
Grammar: Indirect (Reported) Questions. The Complex Object with the Past Participle
Lesson 18. At the Dentist’s. Dental History
Grammar: The Use of Present Simple in IF-and WHEN-clauses to Denote Future Action
UNIT X. Endodontics. Dental Prosthetics
Lesson 19. Endodontics (Root Canal Therapy). Dental Anomalies
Grammar: Passive Voice (Revision)
Lesson 20. Crowns and Bridges
Grammar: Sequence of Tenses. Infi nitive Constructions (Revision)
Additional reading material
Text 1. Overcoming Dental Anxiety
Text 2. Kids’ Teeth: Coming of Age Cavity Free
Text 3. Porcelain Restorations
Text 4. What Should Be Done about Wisdom Teeth?
Text 5. Periodontal Disease
Text 6. Periodontal Disease in Children
Text 7. Food’s Effect on Teeth
Text 8. Dental Education in Great Britain
Text 9. The College of Dentistry of New York University.
Text 10. Forensic Dentistry
Text 11. Dentistry and Human Identification.
Text 12. Bite Marks
Text 13. Mass Disasters
Text 14. Composite Resins
Text 16. Treatment of Approximal Caries, Trauma, Developmental
Disorders, and Discoloration in Anterior Teeth
III. Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions
Грамматический справочник
Правила чтения гласных
Артикль (Тhe Article)
Имя существительное (The Noun)
Имя прилагательное (Тhe Adjective)
Имя числительное (Тhe Numeral)
Местоимение (The Pronoun)
Глагол (Тhe Verb) (общие сведения)
Времена группы Simple Active
Времена группы Continuous Active
Времена группы Perfect Active
Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active
Времена группы Simple Passive
Времена группы Continuous Passive
Времена группы Perfect Passive
Заменители модальных глаголов
Неличные формы глагола
Причастие (The Participle)
Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
Сложное дополнение (The Complex Object)
Сложное подлежащее (The Complex Subject)
Герундий (The Gerund)
Порядок слов в английском предложении
Общие вопросы (General Questions)
Специальные вопросы (Special Questions)
Безличные предложения (c формальным it)
Выделение членов предложения при помощи усилительной конструкции it is (was/will be) … that (who/which), it was not until … that
Приложения
Приложение 1. Неправильные глаголы
Приложение 2. Глаголы с предлогом
Приложение 3. Устойчивые сочетания с глаголом to be
Приложение 4. Соединительные слова
Приложение 5. Сложные предлоги
Приложение 6. Латинские и греческие существительные
(единственное и множественное число)
Приложение 7. Braces: A Parts List
Приложение 8. Normal Fging of Teeth
Приложение 9. A Normal Adult Mouth
Приложение 10. Common Bite Problems
Приложение 11. Латинские термины
Приложение 12. Латинские сокращения
Приложение 13. Приставки и суффиксы, используемые в медицинской терминологии
англ учебник. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов стоматологического факультета 2015 г
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет»
Черединова О.В.
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
по английскому языку
для студентов стоматологического факультета
2015 г.
Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с рабочей программой по иностранному языку для студентов II курса стоматологического факультета.
Учебное пособие составила:
| Фамилия И.О. | Должность | Ученая степень, ученое звание | Кафедра |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1. Черединова О.В. | — | лингвистики и межкультурной коммуникации |
| Фамилия И.О. | Должность | Ученая степень, ученое звание | Кафедра |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1. Коротких Е.Г. | зав. кафедрой | к.филол.наук, доцент | Иностранных языков НГАУ |
| 3. Мелёхина Е.А. | зав. кафедрой | к.пед.наук, доцент | Иностранных языков гуманитарного факультета НГТУ |
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов стоматологического факультета. Целью пособия является формирование у студентов навыков чтения и перевода аутентичных медицинских текстов, пополнение словарного запаса специальной лексикой по стоматологии, а также развития навыков профессионально-ориентированной устной речи. Для достижения этой цели в пособие включены тексты по стоматологии из оригинальных источников, упражнения на активизацию лексики и грамматики, а также кейс-анализ и ролевые игры.
Учебное пособие рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании кафедры лингвистики и межкультурной коммуникации
Протокол №_8_ от «29» апреля 2015 г.
Зав. кафедрой: к. филол. н., доц. Извекова Т.Ф. ________________ (подпись)
Учебное пособие рассмотрено, согласовано и утверждено на заседании цикловой методической комиссии по гуманитарным и лингвистическим дисциплинам
Протокол №_3_ от «21» мая 2015 г.
зав. кафедрой: к. филол. н., доц. Извекова Т.Ф. ________________ (подпись)
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
History of Dentistry
Lesson 1. Some Facts from the History of Dentistry
Даты, согласование времен, сложное подлежащее
Lesson 2. An Introduction to Dentistry
Словообразование, возвратные местоимения
Oral Cavity. Teeth
Пассивный залог, понятия «идиома»
Lesson 4. Eruption of Teeth
Времена группы Perfect, функции глагола to have
Lesson 5. Forms and Functions of Teeth
Конверсия, функции Past Participle, функции глагола to be
Lesson 6. The Maxilla
Lesson 7. The Mandible
Виды сказуемых в активном и пассивном залоге, сложное подлежащее со сложными формами инфинитива
Lesson 8. Changes in the Teeth and Supporting Tissues
Формы инфинитива, отрицательные и вопросительные предложения, временные формы активного и пассивного залога
Lesson 9. Pathology in the Form and Structure of the Teeth
Словообразование, степени сравнения, парные союзы
Lesson 10. Abnormalities in the Number of Teeth
Глагол to fail, функции one, союзы if, whether
Diseases of the Teeth and Oral Cavity
Lesson 11. Toothache
-ing формы, бессоюзные придаточные предложения, глаголы с послелогами
Lesson 12. Dental Caries
Словообразование, придаточные предложения условия и времени
Lesson 13. Periodontal Disease
Словообразование, причастие I и II, неполные придаточные предложения
Lesson 14. Dental Cracks
4 формы глагола и их функции, модальные глаголы
Lesson 15. Pulp Involvement
Цепочки существительных, функции глагола to have, конструкция there is/are
Lesson 16. Alveolar Pyorrhea
Усилительная конструкция, сложное подлежащее
Lesson 17. Congenital Anomalies
Сложное подлежащее, функции слова since
Lesson 18. Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth
Слова заменители, вопросительные предложения
Lesson 19. Traumatic Diseases of the Jaws
Формы глагола в активном и пассивном залоге, степени сравнения
Lesson 20. Infectious Diseases of the Jaws
Lesson 21. Orthodontia
Lesson 22. Sources of Oral Sepsis
Самостоятельный причастный оборот
Lesson 23. Age Changes of the Teeth
Lesson 24. Oral Diseases of the Elderly
Предлоги и союзы, функции слова those
Самостоятельный причастный оборот, неполные придаточные предложения, способы отрицания
History of Dentistry
Lesson 1
Грамматика: согласование времен, сложное подлежащее
Some Facts from the History of Dentistry
I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
oral structures [‘Lrql ‘strAkCqz], civilization [,sivilQi’zeiSqn], dental prostheses [dentl ‘prOsTisis], technique [tqk’nJk], anonymous [q’nOnimqs], ether [‘JTq], anesthetic [,qenis’Tetik], Egyptians [i’GipSqnz], Greeks [grJks], Romans [‘roumqnz]
II. Learn the following words:
approximately, evidence, purely, scientific, civilized, serious, extraction, removable, largely
IV. Pronounce the numerals and dates:
3000 год до н.э., 32, 28, 16-й, 1520, 2700 год до н.э., 30-й, 19 декабря 1846 года, 19-век, 3-й век н.э.
V. Read and translate the words:
approximately, evidence, disorder, to mean, attempt, to discover, sign, successful, sure, entire, to appear, relief
VI. Rewrite the sentences according to the model.
Model: Pierre learnt English. He came to London.
Pierre had learnt English before he came to London.
a. The nurse prepared the dental office.
The patient came in.
b. Dr. Black examined the patient thoroughly.
He sent him to the dental hospital.
c. We had a staff meeting.
Our director left for London.
d. I read the article on dental amalgam.
We had a discussion in our clinic.
e. Dr. Ashley examined the X-ray.
He extracted the patient’s tooth.
f. Mike spent a lot of time in his father’s dental clinic.
He decided to become a dentist.
VII. Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Subject.
1. History of oral structures is known to begin with the most ancient civilization.
2. “Tooth doctors” were considered to be medical specialists since ancient times.
3. Dentistry is thought to be established as a separate branch over 5000 years ago.
4. The ancient Egyptians are considered to be the earliest civilized people in the world.
5. The ancient Romans were known to have made false teeth and even dentures from ivory.
VIII. Read and translate the text.
Some Facts from History of Dentistry
History of oral structures began with the most ancient civilizations. “Tooth doctors” were already considered to be medical specialists in that period. This means that dentistry was established as separate branch of medicine approximately 5000 years ago.
The ancient Egyptians are considered to be the earliest civilized people in the world. They made a serious study of the human body. However, the remains of ancient Egyptians show no signs of fillings and there is no firm evidence of attempts to replace missing teeth with false ones. The early tribes in Mexico and Peru used narcotic substances in the treatment of different disorders including dental diseases. They used gold and precious stones to decorate their teeth. One of the greatest Greek philosophers Aristotle made the earliest attempt to discuss the teeth from the purely scientific point of view. He had described human teeth and then compared them with the teeth of several animals. But Aristotle made a mistake – he believed that men had 32 teeth and women only 28. This mistake was corrected only in the 16 th century by doctor Andreas Vesalius. he also classified the teeth as incisors, canines and molars.
The Romans used a special powder for cleaning their teeth. They could also make false teeth and even removable dentures from ivory. During the Middle Ages these techniques were largely lost.
Books on general medicine often included sections on teeth but the first book devoted entirely to dentistry appeared only in the 16 th century. A small booklet was published anonymously in Germany. The author discussed such topics as toothache, loose teeth and so on. It was a book for patients, not for professionals.
Eustachius (1520-1574), an Italian doctor, published the first book for dental professionals in 1563. It contained 30 chapters. He described the crowns of the teeth according to classes. Eustachius paid special attention to the dental pulp.
1. When was dentistry established as a separate branch of medicine?
2. Who are considered the earliest civilized people in the world?
3. Did ancient Egyptians show any signs of fillings and usage of false teeth?
4. Where were narcotic substances first used?
5. What do you know about the oldest medical work containing references to dentistry?
6. Where and when was amalgam invented?
7. Who made the first attempt to discuss teeth from a scientific point of view?
8. What mistake did Aristotle make?
9. Who corrected his mistake? When did it happen?
10. How did Andreas Vesalius classify the teeth?
11. What are Romans famous for in the field of dentistry?
12. When was the first book devoted to the anatomy of teeth published?
13. What kind of experiments had Dr. Morton had made before he performed the first tooth extraction under ether?
14. When and where was the first tooth extraction under ether performed?
X. Read and translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
1. Известно, что древние египтяне серьезно изучали тело человека.
3. Обнаружено, что они использовали золото и драгоценные камни для украшения зубов.
4. Предполагают, что греческий философ Аристотель делал попытки описать зубы с научной точки зрения.
5. Известно, что Андреас Везалий разделил зубы на резцы, клыки и коренные зубы.
6. Считают, что первая книга, посвященная стоматологии, появилась в 16 веке.
XI. Do you know that:
— Until the middle of the 19th century most dental operations were performed by
traveling tooth drawers and barbers.
— The word “dentist” appeared in the English language in the late 1750s. It is of
French origin. Before that dental professionals were called “operators for the teeth.
— William Addis invented a toothbrush of modern design in 1780.
— James Snell designed the first reclining dental chair in 1831.
— 1839 was a very special year in the history of dentistry – in 1839 the first dental
school, the first dental journal and the first dental society were founded. They were the Baltimore School of Dental Surgery, the American Journal of Dental Science and the American Society of Dental Surgeons.
— The first woman to qualify as a dentist was Lucy B. Hobbs. It happened in 1866 in Ohio, USA.
XII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
Avicenna
One of the greatest Islamic physicians abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn-Sina whom we call Avicenna (born in 980) composed an encyclopedia of all the sciences except mathematics. Of all his works the most famous is The Canon. Probably the best known medical text of all times it brought him the title Prince of doctors.
Concerning dental treatment Avicenna stressed the importance of keeping the teeth clean, he discussed teething and the causes of toothache. The use of arsenic for fistulas and ulcers of the gum is among the many subjects discussed by Avicenna.
One of the most important sections of The Canon deals with the treatment of fractures of the jaw. Avicenna stressed that it was important to determine if a fracture was correctly reduced. This could best be done by observing whether the teeth were brought into proper occlusion after the reduction. He advised putting a dressing around the jaw, head and neck and a light splint along the teeth. It formed the basis for treatment by the surgeons of the later ages.
Грамматика: словообразование, возвратные местоимения
An Introduction to Dentistry
I. Case analyses.
1. Find in the texts of lesson 1 Some Facts from History of Dentistry, Avicenna and write down the names of the greatest scientists who made the chief advances in the field of dentistry. Name these advances.
2. Using sources from Internet find short additional information about the history of dentistry. Let your information start with the words:
Do you know that …
3. Discuss the tendencies of the development of dentistry:
a. in ancient times b. in the Middle Ages c. in the 18 th and 19 th centuries
What period in the history (up to you) was the most important for developing dentistry. Give your reasons.
II. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word
combinations of the Latin-Greek origin: