I. Прочтите и переведите текст “А”.
Text A
LAW SYSTEMS
Each country in the world has its own system of law. But there are two main traditions of law. One is English Common law. The countries of Commonwealth and the United States use it. The second is Continental or Roman law. Countries of Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa use it.
Customs and law decisions are important in Common Law. Common law is case law. In some cases judges not only apply the law they make law. Their interpretations become precedents for other courts to follow.
Governments of the Countries using Continental Law make a set of codes. Judges use this set of codes to judge people. They must think well before making a decision. They can’t simply look at the cases that the other judges judged before.
States make laws not courts. So, laws must be clear. The model of such law is Roman law. But these two traditions of law (Continental Law and Roman law) are not very different in most countries.
II. Найдите в тексте “А” предложения, отвечающие на следующие вопросы:
1. Имеет ли каждая страна свою собственную правовую систему?
2. Сколько существует основных правовых традиций?
3. Какие страны используют общее право Англии?
4. Какие страны используют континентально-европейское или римское право?
5. Что является важным в общем праве Англии?
6. Является ли общее право прецедентным правом?
7. В традиции общего права Англии судьи только применяют существующие законы при вынесении приговора или же одновременно создают законы?
8. Является ли интерпретация судей прецедентом для использования в дальнейшем другими судами?
9. Какую законодательную базу создают правительства стран, использующих континентально-европейское право?
10. Могут ли судьи в странах с традицией континентально-европейского права просто посмотреть, как принимались судебные решения раньше?
11. Кто в случае использования континентально-европейского права создает закон: государство или суды?
12. Какими должны быть законы?
III. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова и выражения:
| Common law; main traditions; Continental or Roman; customs; law decisions; set; apply the law |
3. The second is …. law.
4. … and … are important in common law.
5. Judges not only …, they make law.
6. Governments make a … of codes.
IV. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
oбычаи и судебные решения; в некоторых судебных делах; судьи применяют закон; судьи создают закон; интерпретации становятся прецедентами; другие следуют интерпретации; создают свод законов; судить людей; использовать свод законов; хорошо подумать; законы должны быть ясными
V. Соедините левую и правую колонки:
| to judge to make a decision to be different to apply to follow to use to be important to become precedents for case law | становиться прецедентом для прецедентное право принять решение судить следовать быть важным отличаться применять использовать |
VI. Найдите в тексте “А” и переведите на русский язык глаголы в форме 3 л.ед.ч. в Present Simple.
VII. Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках:
1. Each country (to have) its own law system.
2. There (to be) two traditions.
3. Countries of Common wealth (to use) it.
4. Customs and law decisions (to be) important.
5. In some cases judges (to apply) the law.
6. Judges (to make) laws.
7. Governments (to make) a set of codes.
8. Judges (to think) well before making a decision.
9. States (to make) laws, not courts.
VIII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What does each country have?
2. How many traditions of law are there in the world?
3. Which countries use English Common law?
4. Which countries use Continental law?
5. What is important in Common law?
6. Do judges make laws in some cases?
7. What becomes precedents for other courts to follow?
8. Who makes sets of codes?
9. Must judges think well before making a decision?
10. Must laws be clear?
11. What is the model for Continental law?
IX. Подготовьте пересказ текста “А” на английском языке.
X. Прочтите и переведите текст “В”.
Text B
HOW LAWS ARE MADE IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IN THE USA
In Britain new legislation starts in the House of Lords. A bill has three readings in each House. If the House of Commons doesn’t agree they change the bill. Finally the bill goes to the Queen and then becomes a law. Now it is a formality.
The American law system is different from the English law system because the American Constitution gives all the laws. The US Congress has two Houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. A bill first goes to the House of Representatives. After hearings it goes to the Senate. Finally it goes to the president. The president signs it and the bill becomes a law.
XI. Найдите в тексте “B” эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
4. чтение законопроекта
8. Сегодня это формальность.
9. Конституция является источником всех законов.
12. палата представителей
13. слушания в палате представителей
XII. Найдите в тексте “В” предложения, отвечающие на следующие вопросы:
1. Как законопроект становится законом в Великобритании?
2. Как законопроект становится законом в Соединенных Штатах?
XIII. Подготовьте пересказ текста “B” на английском языке.
XIV. Прочтите и перескажите своим друзьям английские шутки:
“Why don’t you want to give your concluding remarks?” the judge asks the defendant.
“It isn’t necessary, Your Honour! The lawyer usually says everything that is necessary to say. And the public prosecutor usually says everything that is not necessary to say.”
to give concluding remarks – сказать заключительное слово
Your Honour – Ваша честь! (обращение к судье)
a lawyer – адвокат, юрист
a public prosecutor – государственный обвинитель
Believe it or not, but…
… in Kentucky, USA, it is illegal to carry ice-cream in the back pocket of your trousers.
… in some towns of Colorado, USA, it is illegal for a man to kiss a sleeping woman. In some towns of Nevada, USA, it is illegal for men with moustache to kiss women.
… in the town of Providence, Rhode Island, it is illegal for shop owners to sell tooth-paste and tooth brushes to the same buyer on Sundays.
a shop owner – владелец магазина
a tooth brush – зубная щетка
“Do you have a lawyer?” the judge asks the defendant.
“No, Your Honour,” is the answer.
“I don’t need a lawyer because I am going to tell the truth.”
to tell the truth – говорить правду
UNIT 3
CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW
Active vocabulary
civil law – гражданское право
criminal law – уголовное право
to regulate disputes – урегулировать споры
to punish – наказывать
criminal procedure – уголовный процесс
civil procedure – гражданский процесс
to start a criminal action – возбуждать уголовное дело
to start a civil action – возбуждать гражданское иск
a party – сторона в уголовном или гражданском процессе
the other party – противоположная сторона в уголовном или гражданском процессе
prosecution – обвинение (сторона в уголовном процессе)
a plaintiff – истец
a defendant – ответчик, обвиняемый, подсудимый
Контрольная Common and continental law
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Контрольная работа имеет средний уровень сложности. Контрольная включает в себя юридическую английскую лексику. Она имеет средний уровень сложности.
Чтобы выполнить хорошо задания, нужно повторить лексику английского языка.
Common and continental law. Английский.
Контрольные работы
Контрольные по английскому дают студенту необходимый опыт. В контрольных есть задания на повторение слов и грамматических правил.
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. Justice in this country to be administered equally by judges of ten depends on the sum of money a person has.
2. We believe the prevention of crime to be one of the main functions of militia.
3. Criminality is considered to be a social phenomenon.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.
1. He was seen looking for something.
2. The district courts being the primary link of the judiciary, most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
3. The entrance exams having been passed successfully, he became a student of the University of Consumer Co-operatives.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. If I met an English customs official I would ask him a few questions about similar.
2. If the consignor had wanted to ship cigarettes from Poland to France he would have used the same scheme, to my mind.
3. If you say that again, I’ll repeat it.
IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст.
COMMON AND CONTINENTAL LAW
Each country in the world has its own system of law. There are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common law. The other tradition is Known as Continental, or Roman law.
Common law, or case law system, differs from Continental law, as it has developed gradually throughout history. It is not the result of government attempts to codify every legal relation. Customs and court rulings have been as important as statutes (government legislation). Judges do not merely apply the law in some cases. They make law, and their interpretations may become precedents for other courts.
The doctrine of precedent is still a central feature of modern common law systems. Even when governments make new laws – statutes, they are interpreted by the counts in order to fit particular cases and these interpretations become new precedents.
Continental systems codified legal systems have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of codes so that the state could govern every legal aspect of a citizen’s life. When the law makers were codifying their legal systems, they looked to the example of Revolutionary and Napoleon France, whose legislators wanted to break with previous.
The law makers were also influenced by the model of the Canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, but the most important models were the codes produced in the seventh century under the direction of the Roman Emperor Justinian. Versions of Roman law Lad long influenced many parts of Europe but had little impact on English law.
Common law – общее право, обычное право, некодифицированное право.
V. Прочтите и устно переведите. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы.
Dear Sirs,
Thank you for your letter enquiring about our range of Christmas toys. Our catalogues and export price-list are enclosed.
Payment is made on the last day of the month in which the goods are delivered; we allow a 5% discount if payment is made 15 days after the date of the invoice. We allow a 15% discount for order of 1,000 Pounds or more and 30% for orders of 5,000 Pounds or more.
All the prices are quoted fob Liverpool.
We would like to draw your attention to the fact all the items are available now.
We shall be glad to send you samples of any specific items which interest you.
We look forward to hearing from you and we will be pleased to give you any further information you may require.
Yours faithfully,
What goods are the Buyers interested in?
What documents are enclosed with the letter?
TEXT C. COMMON AND CONTINENTAL LAW
Task: read the text, get ready to render its contents in Russian.
Common law, or case law system, differs from Continental law as it has developed gradually throughout history. It is not the result of government attempts to codify every legal relation. Customs and court rulings have been as important as statutes (government legislation). Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, and their, interpretations may become precendents 2 for other courts.
The doctrine of precedent is still a central feature of modern common law systems.
Continental systems, codified legal systems, have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of codes so that the state could govern every legal aspect of a citizen’s life.
When the lawmakers were codifying their legal systems, they looked to the example of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, whose legislators wanted to break with previous case law.
The lawmakers were also influenced by the model of the Canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, but the most important models were the codes produced in the seventh century under the direction of the Roman Emperor Justinian.
Versions of Roman law had long influenced many parts of Europe but had little impact on English law.
Notes:
TEXT D. ENGLISH LAW
Task: read the text and explain the difference between Statute law and Case law.
Common Law consists of principles and rules of conduct based on the ancient customs of the country and recognized by the Courts as Law. Common Law is unwritten, and its principles can be learnt only by intensive study of past court decisions and ancient custom. The Common Law can, however, be changed or developed by statute.
But more important perhaps than either the Statute Law or even the Common Law are decisions of the Courts. Just as the many ancient customs of the land make up the Common Law, the collected decisions of the Courts form English «Case Law». Once Parliament has passed a law, the courts must decide what the words of that law mean. The interpretation of the Courts remains till either a higher Court decides that this interpretation was wrong, or Parliament passes another law and changes it.
Notes:
Section III. LEXICAL-GRAMMAR TESTS
Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольные работы, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1. Словообразование: основные словообразовательные суффиксы.
2. Видо-временные формы глагола (действительный и страдательный залог).
3. Степени сравнения прилагательных.
4. Функции глаголов «to be», «to have».
TEST I
I. Прочитайте текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие за ним.
Ancient systems of Law
1. One of the earliest systems of law of which we have knowledge is the collection of laws, known as the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, who lived in about 1900 B.C., and whose stone figure we can see in the British Museum in London. Another early code is the code of Hebrew Law 1 contained in the Book of Exodus 2 in the Bible.
2. In Greece each city state had its own law, some laws were common to many states. In the seventh century B.C. 3 the Greeks began to put their laws into writing. About 594 B.C. Solon, the famous Athenian law-giver, provided a new code of law. The Athenians did not consider it necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases. In a civil case the verdict was given by a jury, which might number anything from 201 to 2,500. The members of the jury listened to speeches made by the persons-who had brought the case before them, and by their friends. Barristers did not participate in court proceedings, but professional speech-writers sometimes prepared speeches.
3. Roman law is one of the greatest systems that has ever existed. It was based upon custom, and by A.D. 4 528 the quantity of Roman Law had become so immense that the Emperor Justinian in Constantinopole ordered to make a clear, systematic code of all the laws.
4. Roman law had a deep influence upon the law of the world. It had a strong influence on the law of most European countries and some influence on Anglo-Saxon law, which is the other great law system of the world. After many years Roman law reappeared in the eleventh century, when there was a great revival of learning. Many European countries began to use Roman law in their courts. In France, however, until Napoleon codified the law in 1804, each province had its own laws. The Napoleonic Code was a splendid achievement, and it has influenced the law of many countries in Europe and South America.
Notes:
1. What ancient systems of law do we have knowledge of?
2. What book contains one of the earliest systems of law?
3. When did the Greeks begin to put their laws into writing?
4. What is one of the greatest systems of law?
5. What system of law had a great influence on the law of the world?
II. Письменно переведите 2-й и 4-й абзацы текста.
III. По суффиксу определите и выберите: 1) существительные, 2) прилагательные, 3) глаголы, 4) наречия.
Earliest, collection, early, law-giver, famous, legal, criminal, civil, writer, professional, systematic, Napoleonic, achievement, barrister, codify, participate.
IV. Определите видо-временную форму глагола в следующих предложениях. Предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks began to put their laws into writing. 2. The laws of many European countries were developing on the basis of Roman law. 3. The Napoleon Code has influenced the laws of many countries in America. 4. In the first year you will study Roman law as it is the basis on the laws of most European countries. 5. The institute of jury still exists, in many countries. By the eleventh century many European countries had begun to use Roman law in their courts.
V. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на употребление глагола-сказуемого в страдательном залоге.
1. The law on partnership was codified by the Parliament in 1972. 2. Customs are not created by societies consciously. 3. Many general customs have been adopted by the courts and have become laws. 4. Customs are sometimes still recognized by the courts. 5. Roman law was used in the courts by many European countries. 6. Statutes are made by the Government, customs are created by the people.
VI. Заполните пропуски предлогами in, into, by, of, to.
VII. Определите, является ли глагол«to have» смысловым или вспомогательным. Предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. Each country of the world has its own system of law. 2. In Greece each city had its own law. 3. The Atheans did not consider if necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases. 4. The members of the jury listened to the speeches made by the persons who had brought the case before them. 5. French public law has never been codified.
VIII. Определите функцию глагола«to be». Предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. The law is not enforced against young children. 2. Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal rules of conduct. 3. The task of the jury is to bring in a verdict. 4. The jury is still discussing the verdict. 5. The courts are interpreters of the law. 6. The general nature of the law is that it is enforced equally against all members of the nation.
IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных.
1. Many of the early rules of the common law were general customs. 2. One of the largest systems of law of which we have knowledge is the Code of Hammurabi. 3. The largest number of the jury was in Greece. 4. Roman law is one of the greatest systems which has ever existed. 5. Anglo-Saxon law is the other great system of law.
TEST II
I. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие за ним.