Text 1C стр. 19 (Lesson 1)
Задание:
Text 1С Прочитайте текст. Расскажите об особенностях системы высшего образования в нашей стране и в США.
Higher Education in the USA
There is no national system of higher education in the United States. Higher education is given in colleges and universities. There are over 2100 various higher educational institutions, including colleges, technological institutes and universities. The average college course of study is 4 years. The academic year is usually 9 months or 2 terms (semesters) of four and a half months each. Classes usually begin in September and end in June. The first-year students are called freshmen.
Students choose a major subject (профилирующий предмет, дисциплина) and take many courses in this subject. After four years, they get a traditional Bachelor’s degree. Then the students may go on to graduate school (старшие курсы) and with a year or two of further study get a Master’s degree.
After another year or two of study and research, they may get a still higher degree as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.). The student’s progress is evaluated by means of tests, term works and final examinations in each course. The student’s work is given a mark, usually on a five point scale (5-балльная система). Letters indicate the level of achievement. «A» is the highest mark. «F» denotes a failure.
Most American colleges and universities charge for tuition. The methods of instruction in the universities are lectures, discussions, laboratory and course works and seminars.
Most cities have colleges or universities that hold classes at night as well as in daytime. In this way people may work for a degree or just take a course in the subject that interests them.
Решение:
Высшее образование в США
В Соединенных Штатах нет национальной системы высшего образования. Высшее образование предоставляется в колледжах и университетах. Существует более 2100 различных высших учебных заведений, включая колледжи, технологические институты и университеты. В среднем курс обучения в колледже составляет 4 года. Учебный год обычно составляет 9 месяцев или 2 семестра по четыре с половиной месяца каждый. Занятия обычно начинаются в сентябре и заканчиваются в июне. Студенты первого курса называются первокурсниками.
Студенты выбирают профилирующий предмет и множенство курсов по этому предмету. Через четыре года они получают традиционную степень бакалавра. Затем студенты могут продолжить учебу на старших курсах, и через год или два после дальнейшего обучения получить степень магистра.
В большинстве городов есть колледжи или университеты, которые проводят занятия как ночью, так и днем. Таким образом, люди могут работать на определенную степень или просто пройти курс по предмету, который их интересует.
Higher Education in the USA с переводом
Фрагменты из работы
Higher Education in the USA
Finishing school is the beginning of an independent life for millions of school graduates. Many roads are open before them. But it is not an easy thing to choose a profession out of more than the 2000 existing in the world.
Out of the more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for «higher education”. Simply by being admitted into one of the most respected universities in the United States, a high school graduate achieves a degree of success. A college at a leading university might receive applications from two percent of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply. Successful applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of:
The system of higher education in the United States is complex. It comprises four categories of institution:
Any of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. There is no clear or inevitable distinction in terms of quality of education offered between the institutions, which are publicly or privately funded. However, this is not to say that all institutions enjoy equal prestige, nor that there are no material differences among them.
Many universities and colleges, both public and private, have gained reputations for offering particularly challenging courses, and for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory. A few other institutions, conversely, provide only adequate education, and students attend classes, pass examinations and graduate as merely competent, but not outstanding, scholars and professionals. The factors determining whether an institution is one of the best, or one of lower prestige, are: quality of teaching faculty, quality of research facilities, amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc., and the competence and number of applicants for admission, i.e. how selective the institution can be in choosing its students. All of these factors reinforce one another. In the United States it is generally recognized that there are more and less desirable institutions in which to study and from which to graduate. The more desirable institutions are generally – but not always – more costly to attend, and having graduated from one of them may bring distinct advantages as an individual seeks employment opportunities and social mobility within the society. Competition to get into such a college prompts a million secondary school students to take the SATs every year. But recently emphasis on admissions examinations has been widely criticized in the United States because the examinations tend to measure competence in mathematics and English. In defense of using the examinations as criteria for admissions, administrators at many universities say that SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have 10 or 12 applicants for every first-year student seat.
Can America’s colleges and universities rest on their accomplishments? About 12 million students currently attend schools of higher education in America. They are students in a society that believe in the bond between education and democracy.
Still, many Americans are not satisfied with the condition of higher education in their country. Perhaps the most widespread complaint has to do with the college curriculum as a whole and with the wide range of electives in particular. In the middle of 1980s, the Association of American Colleges (AAC) issued a report that called for teaching a body of common knowledge to all college students. The National Institute of Education (NIE) issued a somewhat similar report, «Involvement in Learning”. In its report, the NIE concluded that the college curriculum has become «excessively vocational and work-related”. The report also warned that college education may no longer be developing in students «the shared values and knowledge” that traditionally bind Americans together. A serious charge: Is it true?
For the moment, to some degree, it probably is. Certainly, some students complete their degree work without a course in Western Civilization – not to mention other world cultures. Others leave college without having studied science or government. As one response, many colleges have begun reemphasizing a core curriculum that all students must master.
Such problems are signs that American higher education is changing, as it has throughout its history. And, as in the past, this change may be leading in unexpected directions. The Puritans set up colleges to train ministers. But their students made their mark as the leaders of the world’s first constitutional democracy. The land grant colleges were founded to teach agriculture and engineering to the builders of the American West. Today, many of these colleges are leading schools in the world of scientific research. Americans have always had a stake in «making the system work”. They have especially critical reasons for doing so in the field of education. People in the United States today are faced with momentous questions: «What is America’s proper role as the world’s oldest constitutional democracy; its largest, economy; its first nuclear power?”
Americans cherish their right to express opinions on all such issues. But the people of the United States are also painfully aware of how complex such issues are. To take part in dealing with new problems, most Americans feel they need all the information they can get. Colleges and universities are the most important centers of such learning. And whatever improvements may be demanded, their future is almost guaranteed by the American thirst to advance and be well informed. In fact, the next charge in American education may be a trend for people to continue their education in college – for a lifetime.
Перевод
Высшее образование в США
Из более трех миллионов учащихся, оканчивающих ежегодно среднюю школу, приблизительно один миллион продолжает получать высшее образование. Просто, поступая в один из наиболее престижных университетов Соединенных Штатов, выпускники средней школы достигают большего успеха. Колледж как ведущий университет мог бы принимать заявления от двух процентов выпускников средней школы, и затем принимать только одного из каждых десяти поступающих. Для успешного поступления в такие колледжи претенденты обычно выбираются на основании следующих показателей:
Система высшего образования в Соединенных Штатах сложна. Она включает четыре вида учреждений:
Любое из этих учреждений, в любой категории, может быть бесплатным или частным, в зависимости от источника его финансирования. Нет никакого очевидного различия в качестве образования, предлагаемого разными учреждениями, финансируемыми открыто или конфиденциально.
Перевод текста на русский язык «Higher Education in the USA»
Автор: Olga_Maximova • Июнь 2, 2019 • Эссе • 690 Слов (3 Страниц) • 924 Просмотры
Higher Education in the USA
1. Higher education in America is provided by colleges and universities. The main difference between a college and a university is that the latter is a collection of colleges each of which specializes in a different field.
2. American colleges and universities are either private or public. There are nearly 1900 institutes of higher learning in America. Roughly one-third are state institutions, 1,200 are private ones. Only about half of the school children graduate from high school in America and receive a high school diploma. College is getting more expensive every year. Not all American families can afford universities education.
3. The American high school offers a wide variety of courses. In the sam school a student can specialize in economics, in chemistry and physics, Latin and humanities, or in automobile mechanics. During the four-year hight school program, the student studies four or five major subjects per year. In addition the students usually have classes in physical education, music and art. The first two years are a continuation of secondary education; then a student begins and intensive study of his special field. If a student fails a course, he repeats only that course and not the work of the entire year.
4. Students are classified as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. A freshman is a first year student; a sophomore, a second year student; a junior, a third year student; and a senior, a fourth year student. All students who have graduated from the senior class and who continue studies at a university are classified as advanced or graduate studnts.
6. College prepares the student for two things: either graduate studies, leading to a master`s or doctor`s degree, or a job immediately after graduation. The majority of college graduates have to apply to public and private employment agencies to get any job, which is not an easy thing.
Высшее образование в США
1. Высшее образование в Америке обеспечивают колледжи и университеты. Основное различие между колледжем и университетом заключается в том, что последний представляет собой совокупность колледжей, каждый из которых специализируется в определенной области.
2. Американские колледжи и университеты являются частными или государственными. В Америке около 1900 высших учебных заведений. Примерно треть государственных учреждений, 1200 частных. Только около половины школьников заканчивают среднюю школу в Америке и получают диплом средней школы. Колледж становится дороже с каждым годом. Не все американские семьи могут позволить себе университетское образование.
3. Американская средняя школа предлагает широкий выбор курсов. В самой школе ученик может специализироваться в области экономики, химии и физики, латыни и гуманитарных наук или автомобильной механики. В течение четырехлетней программы средней школы студент изучает четыре или пять основных предметов в год. Кроме того, студенты обычно проходят занятия по физическому воспитанию, музыке и искусству. Первые два года являются продолжением среднего образования; Затем студент начинает и интенсивно изучает его специальность. Если студент не проходит курс, он повторяет только этот курс, а не работу всего года.
6. Колледж готовит студента к двум вещам: либо аспирантура, ведущая к получению степени магистра или доктора, либо работа сразу после выпуска. Большинство выпускников колледжей вынуждены обращаться в государственные и частные агентства по трудоустройству, чтобы получить какую-либо работу, а это непросто.