Read the text Pavlov I.P. – MAN AND
В 1870 году Павлов поступил в Петербургский университет для изучения естественных наук. Вскоре он решил стать физиологом сам.
За время работы в академии Павлов обнаружил некоторые новые факты о кровяном давлении.
В 1881 году Павлов женился. Его жена была прекрасная помощь и компаньон к нему. Их брак был очень счастливым.
В 1890 году Павлов начал читать лекции по физиологии в Военной академии. Многие его идеи были новыми для студентов, и он был очень популярным лектором. Его лекции были просты и понятны. Он не использовал ноты, поскольку его память было замечательно. Он позволил студентам прервать его, и с удовольствием отвечал на вопросы.
Павлов изучал работу пищеварительной системы. Он сделал много экспериментов на собаках. Он должен был совершать операции на собака и как он любил животное, он относился к своим собакам с большой добротой, и они не показали никакого страха перед ним. Павлов не работает, если это не было необходимо, и он всегда анестетиков. Он был очень искусный хирург и его собаки обычно восстанавливается очень быстро. Павлов сделал большой вклад в медицинскую science.After Великой Octoder революции Павлов дает великолепную новую лабораторию в селе Koltushy.Large суммы денег были потрачены на его лаборатории. Хотя он был
Иван Петрович Павлов родился 14 сентября 1849 года в Рязани. Когда он был еще очень маленьким мальчиком, он помогал отцу на его ферме. Отец научил его читать книги.
В 1870 году Павлов поступил в Петербургский университет для изучения естественных наук. Вскоре он решил сам стать физиологом.
Во время работы в Академии Павлов обнаружил новые факты о артериатии.
В 1881 году Павлов женился. Его жена была прекрасной помощью и компаньоном для него. Их брак был очень счастливым.
В 1890 году Павлов начал читать лекции по физиологии в Военной академии. Многие из его идей были новыми для студентов, и он был очень популярным лектором. Его лекции были простыми и ясными. Он не использовал заметки, так как его память была прекрасна. Он позволил студентам прервать его и с удовольствием ответил на их вопросы.
Павлов изучал работу пищеварительной системы. Он много экспериментов на собаках. Он должен был делать операции на собаках и, как он любил животных он относился к своим собакам с большой добротой, и они не показали страха перед ним. Павлов никогда не прооперировал, если это было необходимо, и он всегда использовал анестезию. Он был очень умелым хирургом, и его собаки, как правило, выздоравливали очень быстро. Павлов внес большой вклад в медицинскую науку. После Великой Октодерской революции Павлову дали великолепную новую лабораторию в селе Колтушы.Большие суммы денег были потрачены на его лабораторию. Хотя он был
XI. Прочтите и переведите текст А.
Text A. FIVE SENSES
A human being has a whole set of sense organs: organs of vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, pain, heat, cold, kinesthesia, vestibular sensitivity. First five organs are considered principal. Special sense organs are located inside the body. Brain receives signals from outside and inside, analyzes them and by means of reflex processes and ensures a coordinated functioning of the whole organism.
Vision is one of the most delicate and complicated senses. It is known that a human being receives 90% of information through vision. About one-fourth of the brain is involved in visual processing, more than any other sense. We can see because of light. Without light there would be no sight. Light reflects of things and then travels to our eyes. The retina has millions of cells that are very sensitive to light. One knows that when an image is formed in the eye upside down. This image is sent to the brain, which receives the message and turns the picture right side up again.
Hearing is considered the most important sense for humans. We can communicate with each other by receiving sounds and interpreting speech. The ear is made up of three parts. Sound travels through the ear in waves. They are received by the cup-shaped outer ear and directed into the middle ear where a thin membrane called eardrum is located. The vibrations hit the eardrum. Small hairs lining the cochlea also begin to vibrate and send a message to the auditory nerve which in its turn sends the message to the brain.
Taste and smell are separate senses with their own receptor organs but they are closely entwined because these two senses act together.
Smell receptors are located in the mucus membrane lining the nose. One knows that each cell has several cilia which are stimulated by odour molecules in the air. The impulses from stimulated cells come to the brain’s frontal lobe where smell perception is formed.
Touch is the sense by which we determine the characteristics of objects: size, shape, and texture. We do this through touch receptors in the skin.
TASKS
I. Translate the following words and word combinations:
зрение, вкус, обоняние, осязание, слух, чувствительность, боль, свет, речь, звук, сетчатка, внутреннее ухо, среднее ухо, барабанная перепонка, улитка уха, слуховой нерв, тонкая оболочка, вкусовой сосочек, бугорки языка, растворяться в слюне, шейные нервы, слизистая оболочка, молекулы запаха, передняя доля, размер и форма, кожа, весь организм
II. Complete the following sentences:
1. A human being has five main … organs.
III. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions:
1. A human being receives 90% of information … vision.
2. There would be no sight … light.
3. The retina has millions … cells.
4. These cells are very sensitive … light.
5. People can communicate … each other.
6. Taste buds are located … the tongue.
7. Chemicals in food come … contact … taste buds.
8. Cilia in the nose are stimulated … odour molecules.
9. Brain receives signals … outside and inside.
IV. Translate the following sentences:
1. Известно, что примерно ¼ мозга вовлечена в процесс зрения.
2. Считается, что слух является самым важным чувством.
3. Установлено, что вкус и обоняние действуют вместе.
4. Говорят, что у каждого человека от 5000 до 10000 вкусовых сосочков на
5. Подсчитано, что каждый вкусовой сосочек состоит примерно из 100
6. Обнаружено, что восприятие запаха формируется в передней доле мозга.
V. Find Russian equivalents to the following English idioms:
| 1. Out of sight – out of mind. 2. Tastes differ. 3. I’m all ears. 4. Touch wood. 5. I can’t believe my ears. 6. It is in one ear and out of the other. | Постучите по дереву. В одно ухо влетает, в другое вылетает. С глаз долой – из сердца вон. О вкусах не спорят. Я весь – внимание. Не верю своим ушам. |
VI. Answer the following questions:
1. What sense organs do we have?
2. Which sense is the most complicated? Why?
3. What are the organs of vision?
4. How is the image formed in the eye?
5. Which sense is the most important for humans?
6. What are the organs of hearing?
7. What do the organs of hearing consist of?
8. What structures are tastes detected by?
9. What are the types of taste stimuli?
10. Describe the process of tasting.
11. Where are the receptors for smell located?
12. Where is smell perception formed?
14. What are the main characteristics of objects?
15. How do we do touch?
Case Analyses
Answer the questions.
Do you think if the sixth sense exist?
What is considered to be the sixth sense?
What do you know about the sixth sense?
Read and translate the text.
clairvoyance [klFq’voiqns] – ясновидение
precognition – предвидение, экстрасенсорное восприятие
presentiment [pri’zentimqnt] – предчувствие
unconscious [An’kOnSqs] – бессознательный, невольный
psi [sQi] – парапсихические явления
inconsequential [in,kOnsi’kwenSql] – несущественный, не имеющий
causality [kL’zqeliti] – причинная связь
IS THERE THE SIXTH SENSE?
Do you have a hunch or an intuition? Research psychologist Dean Radin, Ph.D., claims that hunches might actually foretell the future.
The scientific evidence is now stronger than ever for such phenomena as telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition. Studies suggest that we have ways of getting information that bypass the ordinary senses. The sixth sense and similar terms, like second sight and extrasensory perception (ESP) refer to perceptual experiences that transcend the usual boundaries of space and time.
In his experiments Dean Radin observed that many people responded unconsciously to something bad – even before it happened. He called this “presentiment”, an unconscious form of “psi” perception. “Psi” is a neutral form for psychic experiences.
If scientists agree that the sixth sense exists, how might this change society? On the one hand it may change nothing; we may learn that genuine psi abilities are rare and only weakly predictive, and thus inconsequential for most practical purposes. On the other hand, it is possible that the study of the sixth sense will revolutionize our understanding of causality and have radically new applications.
Find the description to each word. Do it in s written form.
| 1. sense | a. a strange and uncomfortable feeling that something is going to happen |
| 2. intuition | b. the communication of thoughts directly from one person’s mind to someone else’s without speaking |
| 3. clairvoyance | c. the ability to understand or know something by using your feelings |
| 4. precognition | d. the ability (usually unreal) to see what will happen in the future |
| 5. telepathy | e. feeling that it exists or true without being told or having proof |
| 6. presentiment | f. the knowledge that something will happen before it does |
Compare your variant with that given by Longman dictionary.
LESSON 14
Грамматика: повелительное наклонение, возвратные местоимения,
CONDITIONED REFLEXES
PART I
I. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Answer the following questions.
3. Complete the sentences with the proper preposition.
4. Learn the new words and word combinations.
5. Remember the pronunciation of the new words.
6. Close your textbooks and open the notebooks.
7. Make up questions to the text.
8. Write down your home assignment.
11. Don’t open your books.
12. Don’t use a dictionary.
13. Don’t be in a hurry!
16. Let’s speak English!
17. Let’s do it together.
18. Let’s listen to his answer.
II. Вставьте соответствующую форму возвратного местоимения. Переведите предложения:
3. She … made an injection.
5. The lecture … was very interesting.
III. Запомните произношение следующих слов:
natural [‘nqetSqrql], idea [Qi’diq], military [‘militqri], popular [‘pOpjulq], anaesthetic [,qenis’Tetik], address [q’dres], defect [di’fekt], image [‘imiG], enthusiasm [in’TjHziqezm]
IV. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:
to allow [q’lQu] – разрешать, позволять
to digest [di’Gest] – переваривать(ся), усваивать
to treat – относиться, обращаться; лечить
to contribute to [kqn’tribjut] – способствовать, вносить вклад
previous [‘prJvjqs] – предыдущий, предшествующий
to try [trQi] – пытаться, стараться
to imagine [I’mqeGin] – воображать, представлять себе
to influence [‘influqns] – влиять, воздействовать
to establish [is’tqebliS] – основывать, создавать, учреждать
to speculate [‘spekjuleit] – размышлять, делать предположения
V. Прочтите и переведите следующие сочетания глаголов и существительных:
VI. Назовите части речи и переведите следующие слова:
natural, lecturer, wonderful, digestive, military, experimental, operation, kindness, skillful, generally, contribution, important, systemic, image, previous, knowledge, influence, establishment, speculate
VII. Сделайте предложения отрицательными:
1. They tried to help me.
2. She is very modest.
3. I can imagine their reaction.
4. He wants to devote his life to medicine.
5. The patient was allowed to walk.
6. The scientists are speculating about many problems.
7. They have already established new demands.
VIII. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимания на способы отрицания:
1. The doctor does notallow his patient to work hard.
2.My friend did notwant to study medicine.
3. He made no contribution to the science.
4. There are no medical article in this journal.
5. Nobody could answer the question.
6. We havenever heard about this new method.
7. The patient couldnot fall asleep until he took the drug.
8. He will be hospitalized unlesshis condition becomes better.
IX. Прочтите и переведите текст А:
Text A. I. P. PAVLOV
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryazan. When he was a very little boy he helped his father on his farm. His father taught him to read books.
In 1870 Pavlov entered Petersburg University to study natural sciences. Soon he decided to become a physiologist himself. In 1890 he began to lecture on physiology in the Military Academy. Many of Pavlov’s ideas were new to the students and he was a very popular lecturer. His lectures were very simple and clear. He did not use notes since his memory was wonderful. He allowed students to interrupt him and answered their questions.
Pavlov studied the work of the digestive system. He made many experiments on dogs. He had to make operations on dogs and as he loved animals he treated them with great kindness and they showed no fear of him. Pavlov never operated unless it was really necessary and he always used anaesthetics. He was a very skillful surgeon and the dogs generally recovered very quickly. Pavlov made great contribution to medical science. He was given a new laboratory near Petersburg. Large sums of money were spent on his laboratory. Though he was an old man of seventy-four he worked nine or ten hours a day.
Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 at the age of eighty-six. A few years before his death he addressed the youth of the country: “The first important thing is to be systemic in your work … Never pass on to the next stage until you have finished the previous one. Never try to hide the defects in your knowledge. The second important thing is modesty. Never imagine that you know everything. The third thing that is necessary is enthusiasm. Remember that science demands of a man his whole life …”
I. P. Pavlov devoted 35 years of his life to research of the physiology of the central nervous system. His work had a great influence on medicine, biology and philosophy. His work led to the establishment of psychology as a real science instead of speculation about the mind and emotions. For his study Pavlov received the Nobel Prize in 1904.
TASKS
I. Find all negative sentences in text A:
II. Find the odd word in each line:
| 1. demand 2. physiologist 3. ability 4. taught 5. hard 6. image 7. interrupt | enter scientist really allow modest fear wonderful | recovery surgeon generally began previous recover popular | decide influence gladly tried devote kindness digestive |
III. Choose the variants corresponding to text A from the given ones:
1. When Pavlov was a little boy he helped his father …
a. at the chemist’s shop b. on his farm c. in the ward d. at the library
2. Many Pavlov’s ideas were new to the students and he was a very popular …
a. physiologist b. lecturer c. surgeon d. biologist
3. He allowed … to interrupt him and answered the questions.
a. his wife b. physiologists c. his father d. his students
4. As he loved dogs he … them with great kindness.
a. studied b. helped c. treated d. feed
a. the respiratory b. the cardio-vascular system c. the digestive system
d. famous scientists
a. medical science b. surgery c. Petersburg University d. biology
a. memory b. education c. behaviour d. knowledge
IV. Complete the sentences with the proper word:
4. He studied the work of the … system.
6. He was a very skillful … and the dogs generally … very quickly.
7. Pavlov made great … to medical science.
8. … imagine that you know everything.
V. Choose the proper prepositions from the given ones:
1. Pavlov was born … September 14, 1849.
a. in b. on c. at d. by
2. He helped his father … his farm.
a. in b. on c. at d. for
3. Pavlov began to work … the Military Academy.
a. in b. on c. at d. to
4. He began to lecture … physiology.
a. in b. on c. at d. of
5. He had to make operations … dogs
a. with b. on c. at d. in
6. He rose … 7 o’clock every morning.
a. by b. in c. at d. on
7. He received the Nobel Prize … his work.
a. to b. of c. during d. for
8. He died …the age of 86.
a. on b. at c. in d. by
VI. Answer the questions:
1. Where did Pavlov study natural sciences?
2. What did he decide to become himself?
3. What did Pavlov study?
4. What experiments did he carry out?
5. Why did the dogs show no fear of Pavlov?
6. When did he use anaesthetics?
7. What was the usual Pavlov’s working day?
8. What did he receive for his scientific work?
VII. Say what you know about I. P. Pavlov:
PART II
I. Прочтите слова, запомните их произношение и дайте русские эквиваленты:
reflex [‘rJfleks], somatic [sou’mqetic], visceral [‘visqrql], produce [prO’djHs], condition [kqn’diSn], reaction [ri’qekSn], signalization [,signqlQi’zeiSn], association [q,sousi’eiSn], phobia [‘foubiq], phenomenon [fi’nOminqn], infant [‘infqnt], relaxation [,rilqk’seiSn], technique [tek’nJk], provoke [prq’vouk]
II. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:
certain [sWtn] – определенный, некоторый
to protect [prq’tekt] – защищать, охранять
to depend on [di’pend] – зависеть от
condition [kqn’diSn] – состояние, условие
to respond [ris’pOnd] – реагировать, отвечать
response [ris’pOns] – реакция, ответ
additional [qdi’Sinql] – дополнительный, добавочный
to increase [in’krJs] – увеличивать, повышать
range [reinG] – область, круг, сфера
to obtain [qb’tein] – получать. приобретать
anxiety [qeN’zQiqti] – беспокойство, тревога
III. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания:
certain reactions, to protect health, health protection, to depend on the environment, to depend on the condition of health, to be independent, surrounding conditions, to respond quickly, different responses, to apply a new method, additional treatment, wide range of interests, to obtain reactions, obtained reflexes, in infants, without anxiety, to feel anxiety
IV. Употребите усилительную конструкцию для выделенных слов:
1. The motor cortex controls many movements of the human body.
2. Different reflexes make us react.
3. The great Russian physiologist Pavlov called them unconditioned reflexes.
4. The nervous system has the ability to form cortical associations.
5. Conditioned reflexes begin to develop in infancy.
V. Переведите следующие предложения с помощью словаря:
1. When a light beam hits our eyes our pupils shrink in response to the light
2. When the doctor taps you below the knee cap your leg swings out.
3. To treat phobias such as heights or crowds the so-called “Pavlovian” training
4. At the end of the series the strongest anxiety-provoking situation may be
brought to mind without anxiety.
VI. Прочтите и переведите текст B: