Перевод текста punishment describes the imposition
punishment — pun·ish·ment n 1: the act of punishing 2: a penalty (as a fine or imprisonment) inflicted on an offender through the judicial and esp. criminal process see also cruel and unusual punishment Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster … Law dictionary
Imposition — Im po*si tion, n. [F., fr. L. impositio the application of a name to a thing. See
imposition — I (excessive burden) noun encroachment, encumbrance, excessive demand, extraordinarily burdensome requirement, hindrance, impediment, infliction, infringement, interference, onus, unjust burden, unjust requirement II (tax) noun charge, duty,… … Law dictionary
Punishment — The old village stocks in Chapeltown, Lancashire, England For other uses, see Punishment (disambiguation). Punishment is the authoritative imposition of something negative or unpleasant on a person or animal in response to behavior deemed wrong… … Wikipedia
PUNISHMENT — While there is no modern theory of punishment that cannot, in some form or other, be traced back to biblical concepts, the original and foremost purpose of punishment in biblical law was the appeasement of God. God abhors the criminal ways of… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
punishment — /pun ish meuhnt/, n. 1. the act of punishing. 2. the fact of being punished, as for an offense or fault. 3. a penalty inflicted for an offense, fault, etc. 4. severe handling or treatment. [1250 1300; ME punysshement Universalium
imposition — im|po|si|tion [ˌımpəˈzıʃən] n 1.) [U] the introduction of something such as a rule, punishment, tax etc imposition of ▪ the imposition of martial law 2.) [C usually singular] formal something that someone expects or asks you to do for them, which … Dictionary of contemporary English
imposition — n. 1 the act or an instance of imposing; the process of being imposed. 2 an unfair or resented demand or burden. 3 a tax or duty. 4 Brit. work set as a punishment at school. Etymology: ME f. OF imposition or L impositio f. imponere: see IMPOSE … Useful english dictionary
imposition — /ɪmpəˈzɪʃən/ (say impuh zishuhn) noun 1. the laying on of something as a burden, obligation, etc. 2. something imposed, as a burden, levy, tax, etc.; an unusual or extraordinarily burdensome requirement or task. 3. a literary exercise imposed as… … Australian English dictionary
capital punishment — punishment by death for a crime; death penalty. [1575 85] * * * or death penalty Execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense. Capital punishment for murder, treason, arson, and rape was… … Universalium
Прочитайте и переведите текст “Types of punishment”.
TEXT
Types of Punishment
There are several kinds of punishment available to the courts. Crimes are punished according to their seriousness. More serious crimes are given harsher penalties. In declaring a sentence a judge may take into account the following: prior criminal record, the age of the offender and other circumstances surrounding the crime, including cooperation with law enforcement officers, the amount of loss to victims, whether a weapon was used in the crime, the age or helplessness of the victims.
Punishment may include:
— term of imprisonment (time in jail or prison)
— probation or parole
For criminal offences FINES are also often used as in civil cases when the offence is not a very serious one and when the offender has not been in trouble before.
For more serious crimes the usual punishment is IMPRISONMENT. The length of sentences varies from a few days to a lifetime. However, a life sentence may allow the prisoner to be released after a suitably long period if a parole board agrees that his detention no longer serves a purpose. In some countries, such as the Netherlands, living conditions in prison are fairly good because it is felt that deprivation of liberty is punishment in itself and should not be so harsh that it reduces the possibility of the criminal re-educating and reforming himself. In other countries, conditions are very bad. Perhaps because of an increase in crime or because of more and longer sentences of imprisonment, some prison cells have to accommodate far more people than they were built to hold. Britain and the United States are trying to solve the shortage of space by allowing private companies to open prisons.
PROBATION is the suspension of jail time. An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer. Offenders are ordinarily required to refrain from subsequent possession of firearms, and may be ordered to remain employed, live at a directed place, obey the orders of the probation officer. Offenders on probation might be fitted with an electronic tag (or monitor), which signals their whereabouts to officials. Also, offenders have been ordered to submit to repeated alcohol/drug testing or to participate in alcohol/drug or psychological treatment, or to perform community service work.
PAROLE is the supervised release of prisoners before the completion of their sentence in prison. They may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, avoiding contact with the parolee’s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.
Parole should not be confused with probation, as parole is serving the remainder of a sentence outside of prison, where probation is given instead of a prison sentence and as such, tends to place more rigid obligations upon the individual serving the term.
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT is a form of physical punishment that involves the deliberate infliction of pain as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer. This kind of punishment is still employed in Malaysia, Singapore, Pakistan, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Courts may sentence offenders to be caned or whipped. As well as corporal punishment, some Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran use other kinds of physical penalties such as amputation or mutilation.
COMMUNITY SERVICE requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work usually for a social institution such as a hospital.
Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям.
1. уголовные преступления
2. более суровые наказания
3. возраст правонарушителя
4. приговор к пожизненному тюремному заключению
5. представители органов правопорядка
6. оглашение приговора
7. отсрочка тюремного заключения
8. приговорить к пробации
9. отбывать наказание
10. условное освобождение
11. рост преступности
12. задержание, заключение под стражу
13. лишение свободы
15. незначительное правонарушение
16. переполненные тюрьмы
17. подписать законопроект
19. носить электронные браслеты
6. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What does punishment for a crime depend on?
2. Which kinds of punishment do you know?
3. What does a judge take into account in declaring a sentence?
4. In what cases are fines used for criminal offences?
5. How does the length of sentences vary?
6. In what way are Britain and the USA trying to solve the shortage of space in prisons?
7. What is the main idea of probation?
8. What is a parole?
9. What does community service require?
Прочитайте текст “Purposes of Punishment” и озаглавьте каждый абзац, используя слова, данные в рамке. Переведите текст.
| rehabilitation retribution deterrence |
PURPOSES OF PUNISHMENT
1. The purpose of punishment means that the sentence should be designed to deter people from committing offences for fear of the consequences. These days, more and more sentences are designed to ensure that the offender is made aware of the harm he has done. Steps are also taken in appropriate cases to ensure that the offender understands the full effect of the harm he has caused, and apologizes to the victim for it.
2. The purpose means that the sentence should, wherever possible, take into account the personal circumstances of the defendant and look to his future. A large number of offenders need treatment rather than punishment. Many offenders who are mentally ill, or who are addicted to alcohol or dangerous drugs, are not sent to prison, but are ordered to receive treatment in hospitals or drug rehabilitation centers. Punishment may be designed to reform and rehabilitate the wrongdoer so that they will not commit the offenсe again. This kind of punishment should not be confused with deterrence, the goal here is to change the offender’s attitude to what they have done, and make them come to accept that their behavior was wrong.
3. The purposemeans that the punishment should in some way pay the offender back for the harm he has done. Firstly, this will give satisfaction to the victim. Some would dearly like to get their own back in an act of vengeance. They must not do this. A victim of crime must never “take the law into his own hands”. If that were acceptable there would be even more violence and public disorder. Secondly, it is the way in which the public as a whole can show their feelings of disapproval for the crime and the offender who committed it.
Замените русские слова и выражения, данные в скобках, соответствующими формами английских глаголов.
One of the two accused men (осуждать) at yesterday’s trial. Although his lawyer (защищать) him very well, he still (признать виновным) by the jury. The judge (приговорить к наказанию) him to two years in prison. He’ll probably (освобождать) after eighteen months. The other accused man was luckier. He (оправдать) and left the courtroom smiling broadly.
| I strongly believe (that)… | Я твердо убежден, что … |
| I’m sure (that) … | Я уверен, что … |
| In my opinion… | По-моему мнению… |
| I’m not sure, but … | Я не уверен, но… |
| I’m keeping an open mind for the moment. | Пока у меня нет никакого мнения на этот счет … |
| In general | В общем …. |
| But also important is… | Важным является также … |
| Unfortunately… | К сожалению … |
| Furthermore … | Кроме того … |
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Capital Punishment
The death penalty by hanging for murder and some other crimes was first suspended in 1965, and was completely abolished in 1969 in Great Britain. But opinion polls consistently show that over half of the public is in favour of the death penalty, especially for terrorist offences and the murder of policemen. The general public seems to support harsh treatment of criminal offenders, and argue that more sympathy and aid should be given to the victims of crimes. The UN has declared itself in favor of abolition, Amnesty International actively campaigns for abolition, and the issue is now the focus of great debate.
Supporters of capital punishment believe that death is a just punishment for certain serious crimes. It deters people from committing such crimes. It must not be abolished.
Opponents argue that execution is cruel and uncivilized. The death penalty can only be imposed for especially grave crimes against life and may not be imposed against women, men under eighteen years of age.
The goal of punishment under the new Criminal Code in Russia is the re-establishment of social justice, the rehabilitation of the convicted person, and the prevention of the commission of new crimes (Art. 43 CC). The widely used Soviet punishment of banishment was abolished toward the end of the perestroika period, but the 1996 Criminal Code still includes the death penalty and other common forms of punishment: fine, prohibition to engage in a profession, confiscation of property, and deprivation of liberty among others. The death penalty can only be imposed for especially grave crimes against life and may not be imposed against women, men under eighteen years of age at the time of the commission of the offence, or men over sixty years of age at the time of judgment (Art. 59 CC). Whereas fifteen years was the maximum period of imprisonment under the old code, the 1996 Code introduces life imprisonment as an alternative to the death penalty.
Task 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words in bold type.
Punishment
Punishment describes the imposition by some authority of a deprivation– usually painful – on a person who has violated a law, a rule, or other norm. When the violation is of the criminal law of society there is a formal process of accusation and proof followed by imposition of a sentence by a designated official, usually a judge. Informally, any organized group – most typically the family, may punish perceived wrongdoers.
Because punishment is both painful and guilt producing, its application calls for a justification. In Western culture, four basic justifications have been given: retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation.
Most penal historians note a gradual trend over the last centuries toward more lenient sentencesin Western countries. Capital and corporal punishment, widespread in the early 19 th century, are seldom invoked by contemporary society. In deed, in the United States corporal punishment as such appears to be contrary to the 8 th Amendment’s restrictions on cruel and unusual punishment. Yet the rate of imprisonment in the United States appears to be growing. Furthermore, since the middle of the 20 th century, popular and professional sentiment has taken a distinctly punitive turn and now tends to see retribution and incapacitation – rather than rehabilitation – as the goals of criminal punishment.
Criminal sentences ordinarily embrace four basic modes of punishment. In descending order of severity these are: incarceration, community supervision, fine and restitution. The death penalty is now possible only for certain types of atrocious murders and treason.
Punishment is an ancient practice whose presence in modern cultures may appear to be out of place because it purposefully inflicts pain. In the minds of most people, however, it continues to find justification.
Task 2. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions.
authority, authorities justification
community supervision rehabilitation
Task 3. The word punitive has the following meanings in Russian:
1. связанный с применением наказания
рunitive article – статья, устанавливающая уголовную санкцию
2. карательный, штрафной
рunitive action – карательная мера, карательная акция
Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:
MASTER’S PROGRAMME
Lead-in
Task 1. A crime is any act, or omission of an act, in violation of a public law. There are many different crimes, or offences. How many of the offences in the box do you know? Choose four and tell a partner what you think they are. Then look up any words you don’t know in a dictionary.
| armed robbery, arson, assault, battery, bribery, burglary, domestic violence, drug trafficking, drunk driving, embezzlement, extortion, forgery, fraud, homicide, insider dealing, joyriding, kidnapping, larceny, manslaughter, money laundering, obstruction of justice, rape, shoplifting, stalking, tax evasion, theft, vandalism |
Task 2. Crimes which are typically committed by office employees and salaried professionals are known as white-collar crimes (or business/corporate crimes). Which of the crimes listed in Exercise 1 are white-collar crimes?
Reading 1: Criminal Law
Task 3. Read the text and answer these questions.
1. How do criminal law cases and civil law cases differ in the way they are initiated?
2. Name the four most common categories of criminal offence.
3. In what way is the standard of proof different for criminal and civil cases?
4. What is the difference between a felony and a misdemeanour? Does your jurisdiction make such a distinction?