Read the whole text about biology and translate.
Biology is the study of life and living organisms. For as long as people have looked at the world around them, people have studied biology. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals.
Modern biology really began in the 17 th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, leading to an understanding of the causes of disease, while new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses. All these new knowledge needed to be put into order and in the 18 th century the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified all living things into the biological families we know and use today.
In the middle of the 19 th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics that is such an important part of biology today. At the same time, while traveling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology – natural selection as the bases of evolution.
It is hard to believe, but the nature of viruses has become apparent only within the last half of the 19 th century and the first step on this path of discovery was taken by the Russian botanist Dmitry Ivanovsky in 1892.
In the 20 th century biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology; it is an area of ever-growing knowledge.
During the past few hundred years biology has changed from concentrating on the structure of living organisms to looking more at how they work or function. Over this time biologists have discovered much about health and disease, about the genes which control the activities of our bodies and how humans can control the lives of other organisms. We need to understand how our activities affect the environment, how humans can take responsibility for their own health and welfare and how we must be careful to make appropriate rules for the use of our genetic information.
Nowadays biologists are making fantastic discoveries which will affect all our lives. These discoveries have given us the power to shape our own evolution and to determine the type of world we will live in. Recent advances, especially in genetic engineering, have dramatically affected agriculture, medicine, veterinary science, and industry, and our world view has been revolutionized by modern developments in ecology. There has never been a more exciting nor a more important time to study biology.
Biology is the scientific study of life. But what is life? When we see a bird on a rock it may seem obvious that the bird is alive and the rock is not, but what precisely makes the bird alive and the rock not? Throughout history, thinkers in many fields tried to define life. Although they have failed to provide a universally accepted definition, most scientists agree that all living things share certain basic characteristics:
Living things are made of organized structures. Living things reproduce. Living things grow and develop. Living things feed. Living things respire. Living things excrete and waste. Living things respond to their surroundings. Living things move. Living things control their internal conditions. Living things are able to evolve.
Vocabulary
To accept coded information
To accompany to complete
To acquire to define
Advance to determine
To allow to develop
Apparent to describe
To arise to destroy
To bring about to display
To carry out to dispose
circumstance to evolve
2. Decide if the following statements are true or false.
a) The earliest people must have known about plants or they would have died.
b) The microscope allowed biologists to treat illnesses.
c) Darwin`s theory was one of the most important in biology.
d) The study of biology has not changed at all over the centuries.
3. Fill in the missing words:
| Term (verb) | Noun |
| Respond | . |
| Transform | . |
| Move | . |
| Develop | . |
| Respire | . |
| Create | . |
| define | . |
4. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
nutrient; sunlight; poison; breakdown; harmful.
5. Find synonyms among the pool of words:
ACTIVE VOCABULARY. Read and learn the following words:
Read and learn the following words:
mind ум
point точка
consciousосознающий, находящийся в сознании
attempt пытаться
cure лечить
ailmentнедомогание, нездоровье, болезнь
allay избавиться
restore восстанавливать
gather собирать
inspiration вдохновение
revealпроявляться
unitединица
cellклетка
surroundокружать
fashion образ действия; мода
· Read and translate the text
TEXT
SCIENCE
Biology is the study of living organisms and as soon as man`s mind developed to the point where it was conscious of itself as an object from the unmoving and unfeeling ground upon which he was standing, a form of biology began. For uncounted centuries biology was not in the form we would recognize as a science. Men were attempting to cure themselves and others of ailments, were trying to ally pain and restore health.
Again, man was observing the living machinery of the animal organism. He was gathering information for years. The best minds, however, devoted themselves not to the study of the visible world, but to the attempts to reach, through inspiration, understanding of the endless universe and controlling the world beyond.
But individual man must concentrate on the study of the world as it is revealed through the senses, on the study of the fundamental units of every living thing (animal or plant) such as the cell, for example. So the aim of biology was to present the surrounding world in a logical fashion and to give fundamental understanding of its ever standing, ever changing units and man himself.
NOTES
1. as soon as – как только
2. to be conscious of oneself – осознавать себя
3. to cure themselves and others of – лучить себя и других от…
4. to devote oneself – посвятить себя
5. through inspiration – интуитивно
II. Перевод текста со словарём.
Задание.Переведите текст “А The structure of the Solar system” на стр 14, пользуясь словарём и Vocabulary на стр 15.
III. Работа над грамматикой.
Задание 1.Прочтите информацию на стр 102-103 а, выполните упр 1-4 на стр 104
Наречия частотности
Задание 2.Прочтите информацию на стр 104-105, выполните упр 5 на стр 105
IV. Краткое изложение содержания текста. Направлено на формирование ОК-7 и ОК-10
При выполнении заданий грамматической части студенты находили в тексте The living planet на стр 21 учебника примеры предложений в Present Simple. Продолжая работать с этим текстом, студенты осваивают навык смысловой компрессии текста и кратко излагают его содержание на русском языке.
Занятие 4.
Этапы занятия:
I. Работа над грамматикой.
Общие вопросы и краткие ответы
Задание 1. Прочтите информацию на стр 105 учебника, выполните упр 6
Специальные вопросы
Задание 2. Прочтите информацию на стр 105-106 учебника, выполните упр 7
Глагол to have
Задание 3. Прочтите информацию на стр 106 учебника, выполните упр 8,9
Конструкция There + be
Задание 4. Прочтите информацию на стр 107 учебника, выполните упр 10-12
II. Краткое изложение содержания текста. Направлено на формирование ОК-7 и ОК-10. Применение технологии проблемного обучения. Студенты получают задание прочесть текст Biology as a science и сравнить содержание этого текста и предыдущего текста Biology and related sciences. Для этого необходимо проанализировать информативную значимость обоих текстов и языковые особенности каждого из них.
Задание. Прочтите текст, сравните содержание этого текста и предыдущего текста Biology and related sciences. Проанализируйте и сравните информативную значимость обоих текстов и языковые особенности каждого из них.
Biology as a science
Biology is a natural science which studies living organisms and how they interact with each other and their environment. It examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things. Also, it classifies and describes organisms, their functions, and how species come into existence. Four unifying principles form the foundation of modern biology: cell theory, evolution, genetics and homeostasis.
Biology as a separate science developed in the nineteenth century as scientists discovered that organisms shared fundamental characteristics. Biology is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine journals.
Most biological sciences are grouped by the type of organism they study: botany, the study of plants; zoology, the study of animals; and microbiology, the study of microorganisms. There are other fields within biology:
1. biochemistry examines the fundamental chemistry of life;
2. molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules;
3. cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell;
4. physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues and organ systems of an organism; and
5. ecology examines how various organisms and their environment interrelate.
Medicine is basically biology, so medicine without biology would be like physics without math, swimming without water! Technically speaking, biology is essentially the name of the science that studies how living organisms function. It would be hard to practice medicine without the knowledge of biology.
Of course, there are alternative forms of medicine such as chiropractic, herbology and message therapy. However, even these practices are enhanced by the knowledge of biology and the most of such practitioners have a deep knowledge of biology.
III. Устная речь. Направлено на формирование ОК-7, ОК-11. Применение интерактивной методики – диалогового обучения.Студенты получают задание высказать своё мнение по поводу двух цитат в диалоге с другим студентом, используя речевые опоры.
Задание. Обсудите предложенные высказывания в диалоге с другим студентом. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие высказывания:
1. Once you start studying medicine you never get through with it. Charles H. Mayo
2. The aim of medicine is to prevent disease and prolong life; the ideal of medicine is to eliminate the need of a physician. William J. Mayo
Use the following phrases:
It is a well known fact that … Хорошо известно, что …
It is well understood that … Понятно, что …
No doubt … Несомненно …
Besides … In addition to… Кроме того …
Firstly… (secondly, thirdly) … Во-первых (во-вторых, в-третьих)
Fortunately (Unfortunately) … К счастью … (к сожалению) …
What is more … Более того …
And at last … И наконец …
As for me … Что касается меня …
It seems to me … Мне кажется …
I’d like to add … Мне бы хотелось добавить …
Тема 1.2.
Высшее образование в России, Великобритании, США. Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет
Занятие 5
Этапы занятия:
I. Проведение лексико-грамматической итоговой работы по теме 1.1(см. Методические рекомендации по рубежному и промежуточному контролю)
II. Изучающее чтение.
Задание 1. Произнесите за диктором новые слова. Запомните их.
to grant – выдать, присвоить
post-diploma probation – последипломное образование
refresher training – повышение квалификации
to comprise – включать, заключать
internship интернатура (1 год последипломного
образования – в Великобритании и США)
clinical residency клиническая ординатура (практика в качестве ассистента врача)
at the disposal – в распоряжении
to recognize – признавать
to implement – проводить, претворять в жизнь.
Задание 2. Образуйте от следующих существительных:
а) существительное, обозначающее специалиста в данной сфере;
Science, therapy, dentistry, stomatology, pharmacy, pediatrics, biology, psychology, research, rheumatology, pharmacology, acupuncture.
Задание 3. Прочтите и переведите текст