Здесь вы можете найти топик по английскому языку на тему: Британский парламент/ Parliament of the United Kingdom с переводом на русский.
Британский парламент/ Parliament of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom Parliament is the legislative branch in the UK and fourteen other territories around the world that are controlled by Great Britain. It’s so called «mother of all the parliaments» even though it was formed only at the beginning of XIX century.
The British Isles consisted of 3 different kingdoms before: England, Ireland and Scotland. Every kingdom had its own parliament. For example, the parliament was established in 1215 in England. Much later Scotland and England was united in 1707. In 1800 Ireland joined the union.
The United Kingdom Parliament has 2 chambers: the House of Lords (the Upper House) and the House of Commons (the Lower House). Parliamentary sessions are held in the Palace of Westminster in London.
Only lords temporal that inherited it or a person in the Christian ministry can become a member. There is no limit when it comes to the number of people. Today there are 800 people there. The Commons have all the democratic power. It means that the members are elected by people.
The Queen plays an interesting role in the parliament. The parliament was formed from the King’s court and theoretically the Queen should have supreme power. But nowadays the most important things for the country are controlled by the Commons.The Queen is the head of the parliament but her power and the House of Lords power are limited.
The United Kingdom Parliament was so efficient that it’s structure was copied by other countries around the world especially in commonwealth Countries.
Британский парламент является высшим законодательным органом во всем Соединенном Королевстве, а также на четырнадцати других территориях, расположенных в различных концах земного шара, но находящихся под суверенитетом Великобритании. Несмотря на то, что этот орган часто называют «матерью всех парламентов», возник он не так уж и давно, лишь в начале XIX столетия.
До этого на Британских островах было три отдельных королевства: Англия, Ирландия и Шотландия. В каждой из этих стран был свой парламент. Например, в Англии этот орган был учрежден еще в 1215 году. Позже (в 1707-м) произошло объединение Шотландии и Англии под управлением Британского парламента. А в 1800-м к этим странам присоединилась и Ирландия.
Парламент Соединенного Королевства состоит из двух палат. Это палата лордов (верхняя) и палата общин (нижняя). Заседания членов каждой из них проходят в Вестминстерском дворце Лондона.
Стать членами верхней палаты могут лишь лица, имеющие духовный сан или светские лорды, унаследовавшие право на присутствие в ней. Не существует каких-либо ограничений, относительно численности членов палаты лордов. Сегодня, например, в парламенте их около 800 человек. В палате общин сосредоточена власть демократическая. Это значит, что члены ее избираются народом.
Интересно положение королевы в современном парламенте. Поскольку этот орган образовался из королевского совета, то теоретически монарх должен обладать в нем верховной властью, как это было прежде. Но на самом деле сегодня все важные для страны вопросы в первую очередь решают члены демократической палаты. Королева же является главой парламента чисто фигурально, а власть верхней палаты сильно ограничена.
Британский парламент оказался настолько эффективен, что по его образцу были созданы органы законодательной власти во многих других странах мира. Особенно это касается стран, входящих в состав Британского Содружества.
Оригинал:
Misha: I’ve learned something about the beginning of the British
Parliament, but I didn’t find anything about the two Parliament buildings.
Mark: Don’t listen to Black, Misha. He’s been teasing you! The British Parliament sits in one building which is called the Palace of Westminster. It’s also called the Houses of Parliament because there are two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Misha: So what’s the difference between the House of Commons and the House of Lords?
Mark: In the House of Commons MPs, or Members of Parliament, make all the important decisions and work on bills, which later become new laws. The Prime Minister is in the House of Commons too.
Misha: Why are MPs more important?
Mark: Because they represent all the people in the country. We have to have a general election at least every five years. People vote for an MP, and the party which has the most MPs wins the election and forms the government. Their leader becomes the Prime Minister.
Misha: I see, and what about the House of Lords? Rob: Oh, well, they don’t elect them. Did you know Black’s older brother is in the House of Lords? He’s a hereditary peer and Black’s jealous because there is no place in Parliament for him.
Misha: What’s a hereditary peer?
Mark: I’ll explain. Some people in the House of Lords just inherit their places
from their fathers and grandfathers. They’re hereditary peers. Misha: That’s not very fair, is it?
Mark: It’s a tradition. In the past there used to be a lot of hereditary peers but it has changed and now most people in the House of Lords are life peers. They get the title «Lord» or «Lady» for their personal achievements, and their children can’t inherit it. Some of them are very competent. For example, our famous ex-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher took her place as Lady Thatcher in the House of Lords in 1992.
Misha: What happens in the House of Lords?
Mark: In the House of Lords people talk about bills before they become laws and sometimes suggest changes to the House of Commons.
Misha: And what about the Queen? What does she do?
Mark: Oh, the Queen is the head of state. She and the House of Lords have to approve the decisions of the House of Commons. Before a bill becomes law the Queen has to say «La Reine le veut». The Queen uses Norman French as part of tradition.
Misha: And can the Queen disagree with a new law? Mark: Not really. The last time it happened was in 1707. Misha: Your system is a bit difficult. Mark: Well, we have been working on it for more than a thousand years.
Перевод:
The British ParliamentThe British P
The British Parliament
The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. It originated in the 12th century as Witenagemot, the body of wise cancellers whom the King needed to consult pursuing his policy. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head. The House of Commons plays the major role in law making. It consists of Members of Parliament. Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Members of Parliament are elected either at a general election or at a by-election following the death or retirement.
Parliamentary elections are held every 5 years and it is the Prime Minister who decides on the exact day of the election. And the voting is taken by secret ballot. The election campaign lasts about 3 weeks, The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The party, which wins the majority of seats, forms the government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Each minister is responsible for a particular area in the government.
The parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government and they only meet together on symbolic occasions, such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of the parliament.
In reality, the House of Commons is the one of three, which has true power. The House of Commons is made up of six hundred and fifty elected members. Members of Parliament sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party and the other for the opposition. The first two rows of seats are occupied by the leading members of both parties. Each session of the House of Commons lasts for 160-175 days. Members of Parliament are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings. As mention above, the House of Commons plays the major role in law making. The procedure is the following: a proposed law has to go through three stages in order to become an act of parliament, these are called «readings». The first reading is a formality and is simply the publication of the proposal. The second reading involves debate on the principles of the bill, it is examination by parliamentary committee. And the third reading is a report stage, when the work of the committee is reported on to the house. This is usually the most important stage in the process. When the bill passes through the House of Commons, it is sent to the House of Lords for discussion, when the Lords agree it, the bill is taken to the Queen for royal assent, when the Queen sings the bill, it becomes act of the Parliament and the Law of the Land. The House of Lords has more than 1000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work in the house. Members of this Upper House are not elected, they sit there because of their rank, the chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor. And he sits on a special seat, called «Woolsack» The members of the House of Lords debate the bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons. Some changes may be recommended and the agreement between the two houses is reached by negotiations.