VIII.Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2-3 предложения). I.Прочитайте и переведите текст
ВАРИАНТ №9
I.Прочитайте и переведите текст
THE FATHER OF ASTRONAUTICS
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a cheerful, eccentric, self-educated genius. Deaf from scarlet fever at childhood, he had no formal schooling. But he was a natural mathematician, a practical inventor who made his own laboratory equipment, a writer of science fiction and a research worker. He was born in 1857 in Kaluga. In March, 1883 Tsiolkovsky completed an extraordinary accurate work Free Space, on how it was possible to orbit a sputnik around the Earth. This was probably the first use of the word «sputnik». Free Space was published in 1954 though he quoted some parts of it in his Dreams of Heaven and Earth published in Moscow in 1895. He wrote: «An Earth sputnik, similar to the Moon, but nearer to our planet, just about 300 versts from the Earth’s surface, will represent a very small mass free front the pull of gravitation.»
He discussed how to create sputniks and the speed of their movement in orbitr. Sixty-two years later, when the first sputnik was launched, it orbited at a height of about 300 versts and its speed reached eight versts a second, as the old scientist had told.
This selftaught scientist—most of his learning came from library shelves—was not interested only in the theory of space travel. In 1878 he constructed a primitive centrifuge to test—on chickens and mice—the effect of acceleration and overloading on living organisms.
At this time, too, he sketched instruments which could simulate conditions of weightlessness on the ground. Now all these sketches and manuscripts are in his museum-home at Kaluga, about 100 miles west of Moscow.
The results of his tests in the centrifuge with chickens were the following: it was found that they could stand loads of 5 to 6 Gs, but die when the G-load reached 10. This was contained in the work The Mechanics of Living Organisms which was read by a famous Russian physiologist of that time Sechenov. Sechenov was so impressed by the scientific arguments that he recommended the un-schooled Tsiolkovsky for membership of the Academy of Sciences, the recommendation was unanimously accepted.
In his work on the effects of speed he developed the principle of hermetically sealed space capsules similar to the one used by Gagarin. Experiment on stresses on the human body is still carried today.
In 1903 Tsiolkovsky published the Scientific Review on Space Research by Jet Engines, a work which is widely read today by specialists in this field.
In his modest cottage at Kaluga, in the time he could spare from teaching mathematics at a local school, he carried out his scientific work, but he was poorly paid and had no money to finance experiments. His life changed with the revolution, and practically everything he wrote saw the light of day. The principles for multistage rockets were described by Tsiolkovsky. On his 75th birthday meetings were held throughout the Soviet Union to honour him as «the father of astronautics». The government awarded him the «Red Banner of Labour». He died in 1935 confident that his lifetime’s work would be realized.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUBBER
Here is the story of rubber. From the earliest time it was common knowledge to the Peruvians that when a cut was made in the outside skin of a rubber tree, a white liquid like milk came out, and that from this a sticky mass rubber might be made. This rubber is soft and wax-like when warm, so that it is possible to give it any form. The Peruvians made the discovery that it was very good for keeping out the wet. Then in the early part of the eighteen hundreds, the Americans made use of it for the first time. First they made overshoes to keep their feet dry. Then came a certain Mr. Mackintosh, who made coats of cloth covered with natural rubber. From that day to this our raincoats are still named after him.
But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in summer, and hard and unelastic in the winter when it was cold. But the rubber we have today is not sticky, but soft and elastic, though very strong even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter. There would be no automobiles such as we have today without it. A lot of attempts to make rubber hard and strong came to nothing. First came the discovery that nitric acid (HNO3) made the rubber better. Then came the idea that rubber could be made hard and strong if mixed with sulphur (S) and put in the sun. Now it is common knowledge that the way to make rubber hard and strong—to «vulcanise» it, as we say—is by heating it with sulphur.
G-load — нагрузка в граммах
II.Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:
1 formal schooling 6 self-taught scientist
2 an extraordinary accurate work 7conditions of weightlessness
3 the pull of gravitation 8 common knowledge
4 space travel 9 in the early part of the eighteen hundreds
5 outside skin 10. a lot of attempts
III.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
1 изобретатель практик 6похожа на воск
2 научная фантастика 7держать ноги сухими
3 первое использование 8 ему мало платили
4 было найдено 9рекомендация единогласно принята
5 скромный дом 10плотно запечатанные капсулы
IV.Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:
Shoes, educate, invent, equip, taught, recommend, day, practical, elastic, know.
V.Задайте к выделенному в тексте предложению все типы вопросов: общий, альтернативный, разделительный, два специальных: а)к подлежащему, б)к любому члену предложения.
VI.Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: формы глаголов to be, to have; оборот there is/are; степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий; множественное число существительных; Present, Past, Future Simple Active/Passive; модальные глаголы.
1 He died in 1935 confident that his lifetime’s work would be realized.
2 But the rubber we have today is not sticky, but soft and elastic, though very strong even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter.
3 He was born in 1857 in Kaluga.
4 In his modest cottage at Kaluga, in the time he could spare from teaching mathematics at a local school, he carried out his scientific work, but he was poorly paid and had no money to finance experiments.
5 From that day to this our raincoats are still named after him.
VII.Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
1 What sciences was Tsiolkovsky interested in?
2.What books by Tsiolkovsky were published?
3.What did Tsiolkovsky write about Earth sputniks?
4.What experiments did he make with the centrifuge?
5.Who discovered rubber?
6.What were the first things made of rubber?
7.How do we often call a raincoat?
VIII.Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2-3 предложения).
10 цитат на Английском. Развиваем эрудицию
Всем нам иногда сложно оставаться позитивными, ведь жизнь — сложная штука. Эти 10 цитат на английском помогут вам увидеть жизнь с лучшей стороны, открыть потрясающие возможности и улучшить своё настроение!
1. «Success is the child of audacity». (Benjamin Disraeli)
«Успех — дитя смелости». (Бенджамин Дизраэли)
2. «We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light». (Plato)
«Можно с лёгкостью простить ребёнка, который боится темноты. Настоящая трагедия жизни — когда взрослые люди боятся света». (Платон)
3. «It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change». (Charles Darwin)
«Выживает не самый сильный и не самый умный, а тот, кто лучше всех приспосабливается к изменениям». (Чарльз Дарвин)
4. «I am not a product of my circumstances. I am a product of my decisions». (Stephen Covey)
Я не продукт моих обстоятельств. Я продукт моих решений. (Стивен Кови)
5. «You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough». (Mae West)
«Мы живём один раз, но если правильно распорядиться жизнью, то и одного раза достаточно». (Мэй Уэст)
6. «The two most important days in your life are the day you are born and the day you find out why». (Mark Twain)
Два самых важных дня в вашей жизни: день, когда вы родились, и день когда поняли зачем. (Марк Твен)
7. «Don’t cry because it’s over, smile because it happened». (Dr. Seuss)
«Не плачь, потому что это закончилось, улыбнись, потому что это было». (Доктор Сьюз)
8. «There are no shortcuts to any place worth going». (Helen Keller)
«К достойной цели нет коротких путей». (Хелен Келлер)
9. «Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm». (Winston Churchill)
«Успех — это умение двигаться от неудачи к неудаче, не теряя энтузиазма». (Уинстон Черчилль)
10. «Never make fun of someone who speaks broken English. It means they know another language». (H. Jackson Brown, Jr.)
«Никогда не смейтесь над человеком, который говорит на ломаном английском. Это значит, что он знает и другой язык». (Х. Джексон Браун — младший)
Следите за новостями, подписывайтесь на канал и изучайте английский язык с удовольствием!
Краевое государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение
«Ачинский колледж отраслевых технологий и бизнеса»
Контрольная работа по дисциплине:
Выполнил: обучающийся гр. 335М
Заочного обучения: Никитин А.А.
Проверил преподаватель: Земцова Н. А.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. Read and translate the text. Прочитать и письменно перевести текст.
Civil Engineering
The term «engineering» is a modern one. The New Marriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word «engineering» as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles. Nowadays the term «engineering» means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing or using engines. But this word is now applied *in a more extended sense. 1 It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine and sanitary engineering.
While the definition «civil engineering «dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.
First the word «civil engineering» was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18 th century there were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. *The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications, while the latter 2 , military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.
But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc.
It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called «mechanical engineers».
With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It is divided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering.
In the middle of the 20 lh century there appeared some other new branches of engineering—nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on the achievements of modern science and engineering.
At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.
The term «civil engineering» has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical and mining engineering.
*Here are some fields of civil engineering 3 :
1. Housing, industrial and agricultural construction.
2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.
3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.
4. The construction of railroads.
5. The construction of harbours and canals.
6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.
The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.
3 Answer the questions. Ответить на вопросы:
1.What does the word «engineering» mean?
2.Is engineering a science?
3.Into what branches is civil engineering divided?
4.How old is the profession of a civil engineer?
5.What distinct meanings has the term «civil engineering»?
6.What fields of civil engineering do you know?
7.What are the most important branches of civil engineering?
8.What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?
9.When was electrical engineering developed?
10.What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?
Гражданское строительство
Термин “инженерное дело” является современным понятием. Новый словарь Мэррием-Вебстера дает следующее определение данному слову – это практическое применение научных и математических принципов. В наши дни термин “инженерное дело” означает, как правило, искусство проектирования, конструирования или применения оборудований. Но сейчас это слово применяется в более широком смысле. Оно также применяется к искусству выполнения таких работ, как объекты гражданской и военной архитектуры, в которых применяют оборудование, либо другие механические приспособления. “Инженерное дело” подразделяется на много направлений. Самые главные из них: гражданское строительство, машиностроение, электротехника, атомная техника, горное дело, военно-инженерное дело, кораблестроение и сантехника.
В то время, как термин “гражданское строительство “ появился только 200 лет назад, профессия же гражданского строителя стара как наша цивилизация. Оно начало развиваться с восхождением древнего Рима. С тем, чтобы ясно понимать, что гражданское строительство представляет собой в наши дни, давайте кратко рассмотрим развитие различных направлений инженерного дела. Некоторые формы строительства и использования материалов и сил природы всегда были необходимы людям с доисторических времён. Люди вынуждены были защищаться от стихий и стойко переносить дни в конфликтах с природой.
Но со временем искусство гражданского строительства было пополнено новыми достижениями науки. С началом Промышленной революции и впоследствии после была сделана серия выдающихся механических изобретений, великих открытий в области электричества, атомной техники и др.
Хорошо известным фактом является то, что с изобретением парового двигателя и ростом числа заводов, очень многие гражданские строители заинтересовались практическим применением наук механики и термодинамики в создании машин. Они отделяли себя от гражданского строительства и назывались “машиностроителями”.
С развитием в области электричества появилась другая ветвь инженерного дела – электротехника. Сейчас её также подразделяют на два главных направления: техника связи и энергетика.
В середине 20го века появились новые направления инженерии – атомная техника и космическое строительство. Первая основана на принципах ядерной физики, последнее – на достижениях современной науки и инженерного дела.
В настоящее время существуют сотни подразделений инженерии, но все они, в какой-то период, возникли от гражданского строительства.
Термин “гражданское строительство “ имеет два отличительных значения. В своём самом широком и первоначальном смысле он включает все невоенные направления инженерного дела как это было пару веков назад. Но в своём более узком, и в настоящее время более широком смысле, гражданское строительство включает в себя машиностроение, электротехнику, металлургию и горное дело.
Ниже приведены некоторые из областей гражданского строительства:
1. Жилищное строительство, промышленное и сельскохозяйственное строительство.
2. Строительная техника включает в себя строительство всех стационарных сооружений с их фундаментом.
3. Строительство автомагистралей, городских улиц и тротуаров.
4. Строительство железнодорожных путей.
5. Строительство портов и каналов.
Перечисление выше ясно показывает широкий масштаб области гражданского строительства.
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