Найдите в тексте предложения, где говорится о раздаточной коробке передач.
TEXT
The new vehicle was designed and built by the General Engineering Division. A conventional chassis, rigid axles and leaf spring suspension are used in this car. However, the frame has been modified to improve the angle of turning. The rear suspension incorporates rubber spring washers. There are telescopic shock absorbers all around. This car has four-wheel drive, it is fitted with larger tires. The wheels are driven through a four-speed gearbox, third and the top gears being synchromesh. The car is also fitted with a transfer gearbox with a 1.148:1 high ratio and a 2.4:1 low ratio. This gives the car eight forward and two reverse speeds. Both front and rear axles incorporate spiral bevel differentials. Brakes are of drum type with servo assistance and the steering system is modified. The car is powered by a six-cylinder engine, which resulted in a maximum average speed of 55 miles per hour. It should be noted that ventilation is provided by means of a standard air system.
Section 6
2.Напишите основные характеристики автомобиля в порядке их важности по вашему мнению.
TEXT
What Motor-Car Buyers Want
In answer to a questionnaire sent out by the General Motors Corporation relating to the general characteristics considered most important in cars, 211000 replies were received. According to the Automobile Daily News, car users specified the following characteristics, listed in order of their importance:
| 6. | ease of control; |
| 7. | smoothness; |
| 8. | low first cost; |
| 9. | pick-up; |
| 10. | speed. |
It is very significant that pick-up and speed, frequently stressed in automobile advertising, are, according to the answers of this questionnaire, considered of least importance by the car buyers.
Section 7
2.Найдите в тексте предложение, где говорится о способе переключения коробки передач, и переведите его.
4.Кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.
TEXT
Automobile Synchromesh Transmissions
This automated transmission provides effective two-pedal motoring, with the standard four-speed all synchromesh gearbox, a hydraulically operated diaphragm spring clutch and a low ratio torque converter. A microswitch in the gear lever knob initiates clutch disengagement when the knob is touched, thus making normal gear changes despite the absence of the clutch pedal. Although the torque converter can start in any gear, it is desirable that the converter should start in the first or second gear from the point of view of acceleration requirements. Any gear ratio may be kept in engagement to suit the driver’s wishes and road and traffic conditions.
This transmission makes driving in the city traffic easier and has good characteristics even when the car is moving on snow and ice. The only drawback of this synchromesh transmission is its cost.
Section 8
2.Переведите текст на русский язык в письменной форме.
3.Для какого класса автомобилей предназначена (найдите в тексте) такая тормозная система?
TEXT
Super Stoppers
Disk and drum brakes are conventional ones. Improved hydraulic systems and anti-lock devices are designed to make brakes more effective. But they don’t improve the brakes themselves.
Recently a clutch-type brake of extreming simplicity was created. Most brakes are cooled by air, like an air-cooled engine. But like a car engine they could be liquid-cooled, a water tank cools the brakes with itswater when the brakes reach a certain temperature. That method should be used only for sport cars, but not for conventional passenger-cars.
The inventor became interested in liquid cooling of brakes and developed several systems.
In passenger cars the engine’s water and radiator were used to cool (he brakes. The idea is that both the engine and the brakes will not be generating peak heat at the same time.
Radar-controlled brakes are being studied now. In such cars radar is used for measuring the distance to the next car, printing that information into a simple computer, which points the accelerator, and brakes what to do.
Section 9
Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
a.What elements does the electric gear change control system consist of?
b.Where is the system used?
c.What does the control system provide the driver?
TEXT
Electric Gear Change Control System
This electric gear change control system is for large vehicles. It consists of three basic elements: a controller located near the driver, an
electric cable to the transmission, and a solenoid actuated valve on the transmission that receives the signal from the driver to change gear selection.
The system is used in large trucks where the transmission is mounted far from the engine. The control system provides the driver a high degree of operation flexibility. The system also incorporates an inhibitor which prevents accidental down changing at high vehicle speed.
Section 10
1.Прочтите текст с целью общего понимания содержания.
2.Дайте описание основных узлов автомобиля.
3.Кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.
TEXT
Lotus Elan Саг
Lotus Elan is a car, capable of carrying four person and their luggage at great speed and in comfort. It is the finest sport car.
In construction, it is very similar to the two-seater Elan car, with a steel chassis, at the front of which the 16-litre engine is installed and at the rear the differential is located. The body is a glass-fiber unit, carrying no chassis stresses. The whole car is just 2 ft longer and 10 inch wider than the previous version.
With such a light and aerodynamic car the driver can reach maximum 6500 rpm easily. Despite its high power output and two carburettors the engine always started easily. An engine is a smooth unit with a high torque.
Section 11
1.Прочтите текст 1 с целью общего понимания содержания.
2.Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.
TEXT 1
Autotest of Volvo
Since previous tests of the car the engine capacity has been increased from 1.778 to 1.986 c.c.
Earlier Volvos had some real difference in appearance but the current series have international look, but with considerably more space for passengers and baggage than the earlier models. Technically, they are conventional, with the 2-litre 4-cylinder engine mounted in front, and rear-wheels drive through a 4-speed gearbox and coil-spring live axle.
Brakes are servo-assisted discs, the rear brakes incorporating small drums for the parking brake. Twin hydraulic circuits unite both front brakes to one rear brake, so that when one circuit fails only one brake is lost.
The synchromesh gearbox is satisfactory. In average conditions the car rides well.
Прочтите текст 2 и переведите его без словаря.
TEXT 2
Finding a Fault in the Car
If your car doesn’t start in the morning, you should check three things first: the battery, the fuel level and the spark plugs. It is easy to repair these faults. If the battery is flat, you should recharge it. If this doesn’t work, you should replace it. If the petrol tank is empty, fill it up. If the spark plugs are dirty, clean them, and if the gap in a spark plug is too narrow or too wide, adjust it to the correct width.
Section 12
1.Прочтите текст с целью общего понимания содержания.
2.Ответьте на вопросы, помещенные после текста.
TEXT
Let’s look closer at the engine components that operate together to generate power. The basic unit of the engine is the piston which moves up and down inside a cylinder. As air is compressed in the cylinder, fuel is injected on top of the piston. Under high pressure the fuel mixes with the hot air end self-ignites causing combustion. The force of the combustion pushes the piston and connecting rod down turning the crankshaft and flywheel which drive other components.
During engine operation the piston goes through four strokes: intake, compression, power and exhaust. During the four strokes, the piston moves down and up to complete cycles.
Intake: During the intake stroke the piston moves down in the cylinder pulling air past an open intake valve into the combustion chamber.
Compression: During the compression stroke all valves are closed, and piston moves up in the cylinder compressing the air. As the air molecules are compressed the air temperature increases dramatically to about 1000° F (537° C). As the piston nears the top of its stroke, fuel is injected into the combustion chamber on top of the piston. The fuel mixes with the hot compressed air and causes combustion.
Power: During the power stroke the valves are closed as the forces from combustion push the piston and connecting rod down, thereby turning the crankshaft. The heat energy has now been converted into mechanical power.
Exhaust: During the exhaust stroke the inertial force of the turning flywheel helps continue the rotation of the crankshaft to push the piston up again in the cylinder forcing the burned gases out the open exhaust valve. This completes the four strokes of the piston. These four strokes are repeated over and over as the engine operates.
Diesel engine offers the following advantages over automotive-type gasoline engines:
Diesel engines have higher compression ratios and therefore burn fuel more completely and efficiently.
Diesel engines have no electrical ignition system to fail or be maintained. They are built with heavy-duty parts to withstand the higher compression ratios and to operate for long periods with minimum breakdown. In on-highway trucks for instance, diesel engines have a projected service life of many hundreds of thousands of miles.
It depends on engine size, but diesel engines generally produce more torque and power output than gasoline engines.
QUESTIONS
1.What takes place in the combustion chamber during the intake stroke?
2.What takes place in the cylinder during the compression stroke?
3.What takes place in the combustion chamber during the power stroke?
4.What takes place in the combustion chamber during the exhaust stroke?
Учебное пособие может быть использовано для подготовки аспирантов. Л. Ф. Герасимова, 2002
II. AUTOMOBILE
Текст 1
[′sti:mpəmp]
тележка, повозка, фургон
устройство, приспособление, механизм, прибор
удар, толчок, импульс, воздействие
рабочая сила, людские ресурсы
Задание 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на причастия.
Wagons pulled by, boats used on water, the devices invented by man, self-propelled cars, manpower replaced by a mechanical device, a car operated on the principle, a steam-pump developed bу him, a pump improved by Newcomen, a fixed position, power generated by steam engines.
Задание З. Переведите следующие предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге на русский язык. Определите время и состав сказуемого.
In his efforts to move by means of other than his own feet, man has sat on the backs of mules, camels, horses and elephants, and has been pulled by them in wagons, carriages and sleds. He has used boats on water, skis on snow, skates on ice, and bicycles on land. Of all the devices which man has invented to carry him from here to there, swiftly and effortlessly, none has had quite as such impact on his life as the automobile.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения со сказуемым в перфектном времени.
Задание 6. Определите, в каком предложении каждого абзаца выражается его основная мысль.
Задание 7. Продолжите начатый диалог, используя данные ниже вопросы.
— Very well. You’ve had a long journey. Did you enjoy it?
— Yes, I did. While travelling I was told some fine stories;
on the history of automobiles, for example.
1. What were the earliest means of communication used by man?
2. What had men tried to replace manpower with?
3. Which of the mechanical vehicles has had the greatest influence upon our life?
4. How was the first self-propelled car operated? When was it built?
5. What did Thomas Savery invent? Who improved his invention?
6. Did James Watt want to use steam power to run a road vehicle?
7. Did all men accept his view?
Задание 8. Перескажите текст по плану с использованием глаголов, данных в скобках.
Текст 2
Задание 1. Прочтите текст, стараясь понять содержание каждого абзаца.
Задание 2. Дайте название каждому абзацу.
AUTOMOBILE
The history of the automobile goes back several hundred years. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by sir Isaac Newton about 1680. It was little more than a toy consisting of a steam boiler supplying a steam jet turned to the rear.
However, the credit for building the first self-propelled road vehicle must undoubtedly go to the French military engineer, Nicholas Cugnot (Кюньо). Between 1763 and 1769 two steam-driven carriages were built and tried.
In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage. In his vehicle he used for the first time such new elements as brakes, rollers and a gear –box. The first Englishman to build a full-size self-propelled vehicle for use on the roads and to obtain practical results was Threvithick (Тревитик). Between 1798-1800 he built several working models.
Up to 1860 most of road vehicles were powered by steam engines which ran at slow speeds. In 1860 Lenior (Ленуар) of Paris built an internal combustion engine which ran on city gas, the gas being ignited by an electric spark. In 1866, Otto invented the type of four-stroke cycle engine which is used today.
While basic research is continuing on electric and steam powered engines, it is the diesel, turbine and Stirling that are current industry favourites.
Diesels get better mileage than gasoline engines, and the fuel is usually cheaper.
In 1890’s, Rudolf Diesel, invented the engine that bears his name. As air is drawn into the engine and compressed internal temperatures rise, and pressures reach two to three times those in a gasoline engine. The extreme pressures have meant that diesels usually are much larger and heavier than gasoline engines of the same power potential.
The turbine and Stirling are multifuel engines, capable of running on any liquid that will burn, including such exotic types as peanut oil and perfume. This would be a major advantage if severe petroleum shortages develop.
The turbine cars now operating are handbuilt models that cost more than 1 million dollars each. Alloys of precious metals of high durability are still required for certain vital turbine parts. Engineers believe that progress in ceramics hold the key to making turbines practical alternatives to present-day engines.
The Stirling concept, first offered more than 150 years ago by a Scottish clergyman, involves external instead of internal combustion. In the new design, hydrogen gas is heated by a burner, which can run on virtually all kinds of fuel. Engineers point out that a Stirling engine would be quieter than an equivalent internal combustion engine, would emit less toxic gases, and would use fuel more economically.
Задание З. Определите, в каком из абзацев говорится:
a) o первых попытках использовать механическую энергию
для приведения в движение экипажа;
б) об основных требованиях, предъявляемых к автомобилю.
Задание 4. Выберите утверждения, соответствующие содержанию текста.
1. The history of the automobile goes back.
b) a thousand years;
с) several hundred years.
2. Diesels are usually much larger and heavier than.
a) gasoline engines;
c) Stirling engines.
3. The disadvantages of diesels are.
4. The turbine and Stirling are multifuel engines, capable of running on.
b) peanut oil and perfume;
Задание 5. Прочтите текст еще раз, обращая внимание на даты, цифры и связанные с ними факты.
Задание 6. Расскажите об истории автомобилестроения, используя следующие выражения и глаголы:
the history of the automobile mechanical power, a steam boiler, self-propelled, vehicle steam-driven carriages, brakes, gear-box, steam engines, internal-combustion engine, air-pollution, diesel engines, turbine cars, Stirling engine;
to go back, to propel, to build, to use, to obtain, to be powered by, to invent, to reduce, to produce, to offer, to involve, to dominate.