Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ. Козырева Л.Г., Шадская Т.В.
Учебное пособие подготовлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом для средних медицинских учебных заведений. В пособии сосредоточен не только лексический материал по медицинской тематике, но и основной грамматический материал, типичный для медицинской литературы. Кроме того, лексический материал охватывает такие основные разделы медицины, как первая помощь при различных болезненных состояниях, уход за больным в терапевтическом и инфекционном отделениях, фармация, стоматология, акушерство и гинекология. Данное учебное пособие является третьим дополненным изданием, в котором расширен грамматический справочник английского языка, больше внимания уделено артиклям и предлогам, увеличен объем лексического материала. Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для обучения английскому языку студентов медицинских колледжей и медицинских училищ.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Алфавит английского языка 3
Раздел 1
Вводно-коррективный курс 4
1. Зачем нужно изучать иностранные языки в среднем специальном учебном заведении? 4
2. Чтение английских гласных 5
3. Чтение сочетаний английских согласных 6
4. Словесное и фразовое ударение 7
5. Глаголы to be — быть; to have — иметь 8
6. Артикли 9
Основные случаи употребления определенного, неопределенного артиклей и их отсутствия 10
7. Порядок слов в английском предложении 12
8. Вопросы в английском языке 13
9. Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения 15
Фонетические упражнения Improving student pronunciation 17
10. Several statements about language learning.
Do you agree or disagree with these statements?
Discuss this problem 21
Раздел 2.
Курс устной речи 130
Hippocrates — «the father of Medicine» 130
The Hippocratic Oath 132
Medicine in the Middle Ages 133
Developments of the Middle Ages 134
Rapid Scientific Advances 135
The Developments of the Twentieth Century 137
Florence Nightingale — the Founder of the Nursing
Profession 138
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) 140
Mechnikov I. 1 141
Louis Pasteur 144
Robert Koch 146
D. I. Ivanovsky — the Founder of Virilogy 147
Professor Lesgaft 148
A Prominent Russian Scientist I. M. Sechcnov 150
Health Service in Russia 151
Health Service in England 154
Medical Service in the USA 155
Great Britain 156
The Union Jack 158
London 159
The United States of America 160
Washington 162
Interesting Facts 163
The United Kingdom 163
The Untied Kingdom 163
Great Britain 164
Праздники в Англии 164
Easter eggs 164
I’m in love! 165
Ghosts and witches 165
Christmas 166
The Russian Federation 167
Moscow 169
D. I. Mcndeleycv (1834-1907) 172
Cancer Cells 174
What Must You Know about Aids? 176
Causes of Some Diseases 177
Cigarette smoking 177
Alcohol 178
What is Your Learning Line? 178
Some Interesting Facts About English Language 179
It is Interesting to Know 180
Question 180
Answer 180
Discuss Your Signs 181
Time for Fun 184
When I am ill 184
Proverbs 185
Anecdotes 186
Jokes 189
World Pies 193
Russia’s ТВ epidemic creates a global threat 197
Try to remember: 198
The report on smoking raises new worries 199
Раздел 4.
Медицинский английский: подборка учебников, онлайн-ресурсов, словарей для врачей
Изучение английского начинается с определения цели. Она поможет понять, что именно нужно учить. Необходимый английский состоит из грамматики, общеупотребительных слов, 4 основных навыков (чтения, говорения, письма, аудирования), специфической лексики для поставленной цели.
Мы подготовили подборку самых полезных ресурсов для врачей. Они помогут медицинским работникам прокачать английский для участия в международных конференциях, чтения специализированной литературы, мировых научных новостей, инструкций к иностранным аппаратам, общения с пациентами-иностранцами. Ресурсы подойдут тем, кто уже владеет языковыми навыками, знаком с общеупотребительной лексикой и хочет освоить специфические слова и выражения.
Профессиональная лексика
Медицинская лексика включает названия органов человеческого тела, заболеваний, химические и биологические понятия, симптомы. Это огромный пласт сложных терминов. Немного облегчает задачу то, что некоторые из них опираются на латынь.
Учебники для врачей
С помощью учебника можно изучать английский самостоятельно. Весь материал в нем систематизирован и структурирован, именно так построил бы занятия преподаватель.
English in Medicine — курс, предназначенный для врачей, работающих с иностранными пациентами.
Professional English in Use Medicine — курсы с большим количеством профессиональной лексики для медиков от Cambridge.
Check Your English Vocabulary for Medicine — рабочая тетрадь. В ней содержатся задания для легкого запоминания медицинской терминологии: игры, кроссворды, головоломки, тесты.
Oxford English for Careers: Medicine and Nursing — два курса для медицинских работников и медсестер. Состоят из упражнений, справочника ситуативной грамматики, словаря, аудиозаписей.
Л.Г. Козырева. Английский язык для медицинских колледжей — учебное пособие на русском языке для тех, кто только начинает знакомство с медицинским английским.
М. С. Муравейская. Английский язык для медиков — курс для студентов, которые делают только первые шаги в изучении языка. Необходим, чтобы читать англоязычные книги и статьи.
Good Practice — курс для развития языковых навыков. В него входят аудиозаписи с беседами врачей и пациентов, а также задания для работы с этими материалами.
Онлайн-курсы для медицинских работников
www.englishmed.com — сайт с бесплатными материалами по медицинскому английскому. Много полезных диалогов и упражнений.
www.englishclub.com — ресурс, на котором собрана лексика, тесты и разговорники. Отлично подходит для студентов медицинских вузов.
www.hospitalenglish.com — сайт для преподавателей английского и студентов-медиков. Статьи можно прочитать, прослушать аудиоверсию, пройти тест.
doctorsspeakup.com — ресурс с подборками медицинских терминов, аудио- и видеозаписями, упражнениями на совершенствование произношения, грамматики.
Наборы слов и онлайн-словари
Лексику для медиков предлагают многие сайты. Например, у Lingualeo есть подборки по медицине, строению человека, заболеваниям, биологии, химии. На сайте с интерактивной анатомией innerbody.com собрана полезная лексика по теме «Части тела».
Специализированная литература
Лексика из наборов и словарей запоминается без контекста. Пополнять словарный запас, рассматривая примеры использования новых терминов, легче с помощью материалов на английском языке.
Новости из мира науки помогают быть в курсе последних разработок. Узнать о них можно из англоязычных медицинских журналов:
Дополнительные полезные ресурсы можно найти в подборке 10 Physician-Authored Blogs Worth Reading.
Навыки
Человек, владеющий иностранным языком, способен на нем читать, писать, говорить и воспринимать на слух. Занимаясь по учебнику или с преподавателем, студент одновременно развивает все эти навыки. При самостоятельном обучении не стоит забывать о ресурсах для аудирования, практики устной и письменной речи.
Аудирование
Разговорная практика
Полноценно владеть языком, не имея речевой практики, невозможно. Если в реальной жизни найти собеседников со знанием языка непросто, на помощь придут профессиональные соцсети.
Один из самых известных ресурсов — sermo.com. Используя его, более 500 000 пользователей задают коллегам вопросы, связанные с профессиональной деятельностью.
Другие социальные сети для медиков можно найти в подборке Top 20 Social Networks for Doctors and Healthcare Professionals.
Изучая английский для работы, стоит обратить внимание на профессиональную лексику. Медицинские термины есть в материалах выступлений на конференциях, статьях из научных журналов, новостях из мира науки, а также в словарях и подборках слов. Для повышения общего уровня владения языком необходимо уделять внимание развитию всех навыков — чтению, аудированию (прослушиванию тематических подкастов и радиопередач), говорению, письму (практики речи в социальных сетях для медиков).
Если разговорный язык необходим для общения с коллегами на конференции, которая пройдет через несколько месяцев, можно записаться на интенсив по английскому. Это ускоренная программа обучения от Divelang. Всего за несколько недель погружения в языковую среду вы преодолеете
языковой барьер, сможете свободно общаться на повседневные темы, прокачаете
главные языковые навыки.
Сборник текстов для чтения по английскому языку для медицинских специальностей
КРАЕВОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
«МИНУСИНСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ТЕХНИКУМ»
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
для студентов медицинских специальностей
КРАЕВОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
«МИНУСИНСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ТЕХНИКУМ»
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
для студентов медицинских специальностей
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
для студентов медицинских специальностей/Сост.: Краськова И.Р./2014.- 68с.
В сборнике собраны и систематизированы тексты для чтения по английскомк языку имеющие медицинскую направленность. Все тексты аутентичны, содержат дополнительные упражнения для развития основных видов речевой деятельности: чтения, письма, говорения.
Сборник предназначен для преподавателей и студентов медицинских специальностей.
Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
1. skeletal скелетный
2. muscular мышечный
3. digestive пищеварительный
4. respiratory дыхательный
6. endocrine эндокринный
13. spinal спинной, позвоночный
18. alimentary пищеварительный
20. convey передавать, переносить
21. carbon dioxide двуокись углерода
24. ureter мочеточник
25. urinary bladder мочевой пузырь
26. to be stored сохраняться, храниться, скапливаться
27. discharge удалять, выводить из организма
6
SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
There are several main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.
The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which join them. The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.
The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures. The main function of this system is to move us about.
The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing and communicating information.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood, which is pumped through the blood vessels by the heart. Its function is mainly that of transportation system: the nutrients, oxygen, special substances which are required by cells are carried by the blood stream; and the cellular wastes and sometimes other materials produced by the cells are carried away by the blood stream.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. Its main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs, where it can enter the blood stream and to remove carbon dioxide, which escapes from the blood into the lung spaces.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys which produce urine by removing nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood: the two ureters, which convey the urine away from the kidneys; the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged; and the urethra through which the urine is discharged.
The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body, which produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities
1. To move us about – осуществлять наше движение
2. For receiving, processing and communicating information – для
получения обработки и передачи информации
3. Which are required by cells – которые необходимы клеткам
4 .by removing nitrogenous and other wastes – путем выведения
азотосодержащих и других продуктов отхода
where urine is stored – где накапливается моча
которые их соединяют
со всеми необходимыми средствами
несколько основных систем
ведущих к ним воздухоносных путей
где он поступает в кровоток
выводить мочу из почек
до тех пор, пока она не выведена
вырабатываются вещества – регуляторы
EXERCISE 2. Найдите в тексте предложения, которые содержат следующие слова и словосочетания:
main systems of the body
the skeletal system
a complex information system
to be pumped through the blood vessels
a number of associated glands
until it is discharged
a large number of activities
What are the functions of the skeletal and muscular system?
What is carried by the blood stream?
What is the chief function of the blood?
What does the nervous system consist of?
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
What does the urinary system consist of?
How do the kidneys produce urine?
How is the urine discharged from the body?
EXERCISE 4. Составьте предложения из разбросанных слов:
The, system, begins, digestive, mouth, the, with.
Function, to remove, major, the, of, urinary, the, system, urine, is.
Is, the, system, of, complex, one, the, nervous, most, systems, all, of, body, human
Lymph, are, blood, and, the, tissues, body, of, liquid, the.
Includes, muscles, the, and, musculoskeletal, system, bones, joints.
EXERCISE 5. Вставьте пропущенные слова:
Another important function of the kidney is to maintain the … balance of water, salt and acid in the body fluids.
The brain is the … center for regulating and coordinating body activities.
Respiration is the … process of breathing.
Joints are the places where … come together.
The endocrine system is composed of … located in different regions of the body.
EXERCISE 6. Вставьте артикль там, где необходимо.
… main systems of … body have groups of organs working together to perform complex functions.
… mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines are organs which compose … digestive system.
There are some organs within … each system.
… circulatory system is also called … cardiovascular system.
The main function of … respiratory system is to convey … oxygen and to remove … carbon dioxide
EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:
Организм человека насчитывает несколько систем. Это группы органов, совместно функционирующие для выполнения сложных функций организма человека.
Пищеварительная система начинается в полости рта.
Нервная система – это самая сложная информационная система.
Главная функция мышечной системы – это осуществление движения.
Суставы – это места соединения костей.
Эндокринная система состоит из желез, расположенных в различных частях организма человека.
Скелетная система состоит из костей, а также связок и хрящей, соединяющих их.
Сердечно – сосудистая система выполняет транспортную функцию в организме
EXERCISE 8. Перескажите текст, пользуясь планом на с.65.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
causative п ричинный
foreign body чужеродное тело
transfusion переливание (крови)
incompatible несоответствующий, несовместимый
concerned имеющий отношение, связанный
acquired immunity приобретенный иммунитет
thus таким образом
immediately сразу же
IMMUNITY 
Immunity means resistance to disease. It is provided by certain white blood cells, which release antibodies and antitoxins into the blood plasma. Many causative factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies antitoxins; for example, microorganisms; bacterial, plant and animals toxins; foreign bodies; transplants; transfusion of incompatible blood cells. All such factors are called antigens.
When infection occurs, inflammation results, and part of this defensive reaction involves antibodies and antitoxins. They are present in the blood and help overcome the microorganisms concerned. Some of these antibodies and antitoxins can remain in the blood for life and prevent any repetition of the same infection. Such life-long protection is called acquired immunity; but unfortunately it does not occur for every type of microorganism.
However, where immunity is possible it can be reproduced artificially in people who have never been infected by a particular microorganism. It may be done by giving a non-immune person a dose of dead microorganisms. This is called vaccination. Dead microorganisms cannot produce disease but they do stimulate the host’s body to produce antibodies and antitoxins against the particular microorganisms concerned. Thus any subsequent infection with these organisms is immediately overcome by the antibodies and antitoxins already present. If there has been no vaccination or prior exposure to disease, acquired immunity is not present. However, all individuals inherit some degree of natural immunity and this helps explain why some people are more resistant to disease than others.
inflammation results – наступает воспаление
such life – long protection – Такая защита, имеющая место на протяжении всей жизни
dead microorganisms – ослабленные микроорганизмы
Невосприимчивость к заболеванию
Они присутствуют в крови
Предупреждать повторное инфицирование
Они действительно стимулируют
Это помогает объяснить
EXERCISE 2 . Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
to remain for life
to be reproduced artificially
a non- immune person
a subsequent infection
more resistant to disease
What is it provided by?
What factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies and antitoxins?
What happens when infection occurs?
How long can antibodies and antitoxins remain in the blood?
Does acquired immunity occur for every type of microorganism?
Can it be reproduced artificially?
How may it be done?
What do dead microorganisms stimulate?
Is acquired immunity always present?
What is natural immunity?
EXERCISE 4. Поставьте артикли, где это необходимо:
Where immunity to … particular disease is not present, it can be provided by … vaccination to prevent that disease; but it can also be introduced by injecting … antibodies or antitoxins to treat or temporarily prevent … disease concerned. Such protection is called passive immunity and is commonly used against tetanus. During pregnancy … mother passes on her own antibodies and antitoxins to her unborn baby and this provides … passive immunity for … first few months after birth.
EXERCISE 5. Поставьте предлоги, где это необходимо:
Some people have a defective immune system and are accordingly much more susceptible … infection. Such individuals are said to be immune – compromised and one … the most important examples is the destruction … the body’s defense mechanism by the AIDS virus, resulting … death from an inability to resist infection.
Other immune – compromised patients may be those suffering … leukemia, kidney failure and diabetes; and those taking drugs which suppress immunity; for example, cytotoxics, used … the treatment of cancer, and drugs used to prevent rejection … transplants.
EXERCISE 6. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:
Is, immunity, by, provided, cells, white.
Can, many, factors, white, stimulate, to produce, cells, antibodies, antitoxins, and.
Antibodies, antitoxins, and, some, remain, of, for, can, in, remain, the, for, blood, life.
Inherit, natural, individuals, all, degree, immunity, some, of.
Иммунитет – это невосприимчивость к заболеванию.
В теле человека лейкоциты выполняют функцию пожирателей болезнетворных бактерий.
Воспаление – это защитная реакция организма в борьбе с болезнью.
Существуют два вида иммунитета: врожденный и приобретенный.
И.И.Мечников первым открыл явление иммунитета и назвал свою теорию фагоцитарной теорией иммунитета.
Английский врач Эдвард Дженнер открыл способ искусственно создавать иммунитет к опасной болезни – натуральной оспе.
Ослабленные микроорганизмы не могут вызвать заболевание, но они стимулируют выработку организмом антител и антитоксинов против микроорганизмов, вызывающих данное заболевание.
If an infection is too virulent, or the body resistance too weak, the white cells are unable to contain the infection and it can spread throughout the body. Before the discovery of antibiotics, such spread was usually fatal. If the balance between infection and body resistance us equal, a condition of stalemate may supervene, often leading to a persistent state of chronic infection.
During the battle between invading bacteria and white cells in the inflamed area, many casualties occur. These dead white cells and bacteria form the creamy liquid known as pus. A localized collection of pus is called an abscess. Abscess of the skin are called boils. Sometimes pus formation spreads diffusely instead of forming an abscess. This is called cellulites.
In the absence of infection, pus formation does not occur and any damage done by the causal irritant is repaired.
Following inflammation the damage is repaired by white cells which rebuild the area by filling the breach with a temporary repair tissue called granulation tissue. This consists of rapidly growing white cells and new capillaries which form fibrous scaffolding in which damaged parts are removed and reconstruction take place. But repair cannot take place in the presence of pus.
Read and learn the following words
bone marrow костный мозг
transport транспортировать, переносить
expel вытеснять, выводить
hemoglobin ( haemoglobin ) гемоглобин
blood clotting свертываемость крови
occur происходить, случаться
BLOOD
Blood contains a fluid called plasma plus microscopical cellular elements: erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes.
Erythrocytes are red blood cells of which 4.5 – 5 million are found in each cubic millimeter. These cells are made in the bone marrow and are important in transporting oxygen from the lungs through the blood stream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron, is an important protein in erythrocytes, which helps in carrying the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of catabolism of food in cells, from the body cells to the lungs. On arriving there it is expelled in the process of breathing.
Leucocytes are white blood cells from 4.000 to 10.000 per cubic millimeter exiting in several types: granulocytes and agranulocytes, which are also subdivided into different types.
Granulocytes are cells with granules in their cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow. There are three types of granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils.
Agranulocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes.
Thrombocytes or platelets are tiny cells formed in the bone marrow. They are necessary for blood clotting. Their number is 400.000 per cubic millimeter. The plasma is the fluid portion before clotting has occurred. The serum is the fluid portion of blood remaining after the coagulation process is completed.
The body contains about five liters of blood kept at a constant temperature of 37*C. Blood consists of three different types of cell floating in a liquid called plasma. The blood cells are known as red cells, white cells and platelets. Red cells and platelets are unique among body cells in having no nucleus. Blood cells are so small that one cubic
millimeter of blood (the size of a pin head) contains about five million red cells, 7.000 white cells and 250.000 platelets.
The red blood cells contain a pigment called hemoglobin, which gives the blood its red color. The main function of red cells is to carry oxygen to the body cells.
For its journey from the lungs to the body cells, oxygen combines with hemoglobin of the red cells. It is then released from the hemoglobin when the body cells are reached. Some people do not have enough hemoglobin in their red cells and are consequently short of oxygen. This condition is called anemia and such people tire easily, become breathless on exertion and have a pale complexion. They need special care during general anesthesia.
The white blood cells defend the body against disease. They do this by attacking germs and repairing damage.
The function of platelets is to stop bleeding. They do this in two ways: by blocking the cut blood vessels; and by producing substances, which help the blood to clot.
EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний :
микроскопические клеточные элементы
в каждом кубическом миллиметре
по всему организму
процесс превращения пищи в энергию
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями из текста:
EXERCISE 3 Переведите следующие словосочетания:
the habit of smocking
the way of producing it
the hope of seeing you
the chance of getting the prize
the method of transporting
the necessity of knowing
the importance of carrying away waste products
the time of arriving
the fact of existing
EXERCISE 4. Составьте предложения, используя следующие модели, переведите на русский язык:
MODEL: You can learn English.(to work hard)
You can learn English by working hard.
1. You can improve your health (to walk in the evening, to have a proper diet, to follow your doctor’s advice).
2. You will help me (to take part in the conference, to deliver a lecture on Monday, to organize a seminar).
3. You can keep up your English (to read books in the original, to learn grammar, to work with a tape- recorder).
What does blood contain?
How many erythrocytes can be found in each cubic millimeter/
Where are these cells made?
What is their function?
What role does hemoglobin play?
What are the types of leucocytes?
7.Where are agranulocytes produced?
8.What types of granulocytes do you know?
9.What organ forms thrombocytes?
How many platelets are there in one cubic millimeter?
11.What is the difference between the plasma and serum?
1. Blood contains … fluid called plasma and cellular elements.
2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are important in … gas exchange taking place in … lungs.
3. Leucocytes (white blood cells) are subdivided into … different types.
4. Granulocytes are formed in … bone marrow.
5. Agranulocytes are produced in … lymph nodes and … spleen.
6. Platelets are … tiny cells formed in the bone remaining after … coagulation process is the serum.
EXERCISE7. Вставьте предлоги или наречия:
Thrombocytes are necessary … blood clotting.
The plasma is the fluid portion … clotting has occurred.
There are two types … agranulocytes.
Granulocytes are cells … granules in their cytoplasm.
The number of leucocytes is … 4.000 … 10.000 per cubic millimeter.
The oxygen is used … body cells in the process …converting food … energy.
Carbon dioxide is expelled … the process … breathing.
Erythrocytes transport oxygen … the lungs … the blood stream … the cells of the body.
They also carry … a waste product … catabolism.
EXERCISE 8. Закончите предложение, используя окончание ing . Слова из правой колонки вам помогут :
Do you mind my… to ask you
I insist on … to do it now, not tomorrow
The lecturer began … to speak on gas exchange in the lungs
It’s no use … to try it again
He stopped … to do laboratory experiments on blood
Most of us dislike the idea of … to be examined
We had no difficulty in … to learn the blood formula
Please go on … to speak on the topic
I can not help … to visit my sister, who is ill
The students made much progress to learn this material in Physiology by…
Read learn the following words and word combinations:
invasion инвазия, вторжение
similar подобный, схожий
Infection means invasion of the body by microorganisms, which are harmful. The most common sources of infection in medical practice are direct contact with a patient’s blood and saliva, consequently instruments and equipment used in the treatment become contaminated. If no action were taken infection may enter the body through skin cuts or abrasions or the eyes, it may also be swallowed. Infection from the contamination would be passed on from patient to patient, from patient to staff and from staff to patient. This involvement is called cross – infection.
Even ancient people taught that body’s first of defense against infection was an intact surface, e.g. the outer layer of skin and the protective outer layer of
mucous membrane. If infection had passed it the second line of defense started its action. It was the liquid secretion produced by the protective surfaces. The mucous membrane and the salivary glands had produced saliva, which neutralized some bacterial poisons and could kill some microorganisms. Tears and sweat had a similar effect. The acidity of gastric juice killed many bacteria in food. The third line of defense is discovered now. It is immunity.
And we also know that if these defense mechanisms fail to prevent infection, the last line of defense is a response by the body called inflammation.
EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
Кровь и слюна пациента
Через порезы на коже
Наружный слой слизистой оболочки
Продуцируемая защитной поверхностью
Яды, вырабатываемые бактериями
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
What are the most common sources of infection?
How may infection enter the body?
What did ancient people teach?
When does the second line of defense start its action?
What is it produced by?
What can saliva do?
What effect do tears and sweat have?
When was the third line discovered?
What is the last line of defense?
EXERCISE 4. Измените предложения в прошедшее совершенное время:
MODEL: They have finished the work (by 5 o’clock yesterday).
They had finished the work by 5 o’clock yesterday.
My friend has prepared the report (by last Monday).
The students have done the exercises (by the end of the lesson).
Mother has cooked supper (by the time I came home).
We have not seen our teacher (before the bell rang).
Have you done the work (before I called you up)?
He has translated the article (by this time yesterday).
She has not bought a present for him (when we came to her place).
TEXT B
In order to prevent cross – infection it is essential to kill all the microorganisms on infected instruments. This process is known as sterilization and means the killing of all microorganisms: bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses. It is carried out immediately after completion of treatment so that all instruments are sterile again before use on the next patient.
Countless number of microorganisms lives on the skin and in the mouth, nose and throat. Normally they do no harm to their host as they living on an external surface and not among delicate internal cells. However, they may become harmful if they are introduced inside the body tissues, or are transferred from one person to another. This can occur when the tissues penetrated by contaminated forceps blade, scalper or syringe needle, and may give rise to harmful reaction. After each patient has left the surgery, it is the nurse`s duty to see that all instruments are properly sterilized before being used again for another patient.
As already mentioned, sterilization means killing not only bacteria and fungi, but all other microorganisms, including viruses and bacterial spores. Any method which kills bacteria and fungi but allows some spores or viruses to survive cannot be sterilization. The term used for this restricted range of action is disinfection.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read and learn the following words:
junction место соединения
to be called называться
unlike в отличие от
STRUCTURE OF TEETH
Every tooth consists of a crown, a neck and one or more roots. The crown is the part visible in the mouth and the root is the part hidden inside the jaw. The junction of crown and root is called the neck and end of the root is called the apex. Every tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp.
Enamel is the outer covering of the crown and is the hardest substance in the body.
Cementum is the outer covering of the root and is similar in structure to bone. Cementum meets enamel at the neck of the tooth.
Dentine occupies the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain.
Pulp. Unlike enamel, dentine and cementum, the pulp is purely soft tissue. It contains blood vessels and nerves, and occupies the centre of the dentine.
Supporting Structures. Every tooth is insert into the jaw by its root. The part of the jaw containing the teeth is known as the alveolar process and is covered with a soft tissue called gum. The jaw bones consist of a dense outer layer known as compact bone and a softer interior called spongy bone.
A tooth is attached to its socket in the jaw by a soft fibrous tissue called the periodontal membrane.
Alveolar process – альвеолярный отросток
Compact bone – компактное вещество
Spongy bone – губчатое вещество
EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний :
Быть нечувствительным к боли
Содержит кровеносные сосуды и нервные окончания
Быть покрытым чем – либо
Мягкая фиброзная ткань
EXERCISE 2 Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
The hardest substance in the body
Very sensitive to pain
What does a tooth consist of?
How is the junction of crown and root called?
What is every tooth composed of?
What do you know about enamel?
Where does cementum meet enamel?
Is dentine sensitive to pain?
What does pulp contain?
What supporting structures can you name?
EXERCISE 4 Вставьте артикли, где это необходимо:
… tooth consists of a crown and one or more roots. … crown is …visible part, … root is … hidden part.
… tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp.
Enamel is … hardest substance in the body.
Cementum is … outer covering of …root.
Dentine occupies … interior of the crown and root.
… vessels and … nerves of the pulp enter … root apex through the apical foramen.
… space occupied by the pulp is called … pulp chamber.
Every tooth is inserted into … jaw by its roots.
… part of the jaw containing the teeth is known as the alveolar process.
It is covered with … soft tissue called gum.
… tooth is attached to its socket in the jaw by … soft tissue called the periodontal membrane.
Every tooth consists…a crown and one or more roots.
It is insensitive … pain.
Any damage caused … decay or injury is permanent.
Cementum is similar … structure to bone.
Dentine occupies the interior … the crown and root.
Vessels and nerves of the pulp pass … the root canal … the crown dentine.
A tooth is inserted … the jaw … its root.
Any tooth is attached … its socket … the jaw … a soft fibrous tissue called the periodontal membrane.
EXERCISE 6. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам в ответах:
The root is the part hidden inside the jaw.
The microscope shows that it consists of long solid rods.
Cementum is similar in structure to bone.
Cementum meets enamel at the neck of the tooth.
Dentine is very sensitive to pain.
The pulp is purely soft tissue.
The alveolar process is covered with gum.
Periodontal membrane acts as a shock absorber.
EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский следующие предложения:
Коронка, шейка и корни составляют зуб.
Место перехода коронки в корень называется шейкой.
Эмаль – самая твердая часть человеческого тела.
Цемент соединяется с эмалью у шейки зуба.
Дентин очень чувствителен к боли.
В отличие от других структур зуба, пульпа – это рыхлая ткань.
Зуб удерживается в десне корнем и периодонтом.
Альвеолярный отросток покрыт мягкой тканью, называемой десна.
Периодонтальная мембрана действует как амортизатор.
EXERCISE 8. Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту « Structure of teeth».
EXERCISE 9. Приготовьте пересказ текста « Structure of teeth».
Read and learn the following words:
membrane мембрана, оболочка
severe сильный, тяжелый (о болезни)
cleft palate волчья пасть
29. specimen образец
Pathology is the study of disease. It covers the changes in normal anatomy and physiology brought about by disease and the body’s reaction to it.
Any shallow breach of the skin or mucous membrane is called an ulcer. The raw base of an ulcer often has a painful bleeding surface. A cyst is an abnormal sac of fluid. Cysts are usually small and localized and can occur in soft tissues or bone anywhere in the body.
A tumor is a swelling caused by an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of body cells. It serves no useful purpose and may cause displacement or destruction of adjacent structures. Some types of tumor can spread throughout the body causing severe, and often fatal, destructive effects. This condition is commonly known as cancer.
Congenital defects are defects, which are present at birth, such as heart and valvular defects, cleft palate or other deformities.
The cause or nature of an ulcer or tumor cannot always be determined by physical or X – ray examination. Confirmation of the diagnosis often necessitates surgical removal of some diseased tissue for examination under a microscope. This minor operation is called a biopsy. The biopsy specimen is sent to a hospital pathology department.
The diagnosis of infections often requires bacteriological examination of a swab or smear from an infected surface. Other types of disease are commonly diagnosed by blood and urine tests.
brought about – вызванные
It serves no useful purpose – Она (опухоль) не несет ничего хорошего.
often necessitates – часто несет за собой.
Болезненная кровоточащая поверхность
Неконтролируемый рост клеток
Значительные и часто фатальные разрешающие воздействия
Анализы крови и мочи.
To cover the changes
Shallow breach of the skin
An abdominal sac of fluid
Displacement and destruction
Throughout the body
The cause of an ulcer
The biopsy specimen
What does it cover?
Is any shallow breach of the skin of mucous membrane called an ulcer or a cyst?
When can cyst occur?
What condition is called cancer?
When are congenital defects already present?
Can the cause of an ulcer or tumor be determined by only physical examination?
What is called a biopsy?
How are other types of disease commonly diagnosed?
Base, the, an, of, raw, ulcer, surface, other, bleeding, a, has, painful.
Cause, may, tumor, structures, displacement, adjacent, or, of, destruction, a.
Pathology, the, specimen, department, biopsy, is to, a, sent, hospital.
Many, disease, types, are, of, commonly, by, diagnosed, blood, urine, and, tests.
Патология рассматривает отклонения, проявляющиеся в нормальной физиологии и анатомии.
Кисты обычно небольшие по размеру.
Опухоль может вызвать смещение или разрушение прилегающих к ней структур.
Врожденные дефекты часто видны уже при рождении ребенка.
Для определения вида опухоли, как правило, используется биопсия.
При постановке диагноза чаще всего необходимы анализы крови и мочи
Sometimes a normal immune response does not occur. Instead, a violent reaction called allergy is produced. This can cause sudden death but usually involves
consequences of varying degrees of seriousness, ranging from skin rashes or mouth ulcers to partial obstruction of the airway. Sensitivity to certain types of pollen, food, stings, latex products and drugs can produce an allergic reaction.
A much more serious type of allergy which could be happen in practice is that affecting patients sensitive to penicillin and its derivatives. If one these drugs were given to such patients, the above – mentioned reactions could occur – the worst effect of all being the rapid onset of a severe state of collapse which may be fatal. This is called anaphylactic shock. The patients most at risk of allergic responses are those with a history of asthma, eczema and hay fever.
Read and learn the following words:
drug лекарство, наркотик
reference book справочник
precaution осторожность, противопоказание
data sheet вкладыш – инструкция
administer назначать, применять, давать (лекарство)
abolish снимать, устранять
derive происходить от
liable подверженный, склонный
17. beforehand заранее
The metric system is used exclusively when ordering and prescribing drugs. The metric unit of weight is the gram (g) and this is divided into thousandths called milligrams (mg).
The unit of volume is the liter (l) which is subdivided into thousandths called milliliters (ml). A liter is equivalent to just under two pints. The standard medicine teaspoon holds 5 ml.
Various reference books are available to help practitioners keep up to date with new drugs, the trade names of drugs, dosages and precautions with particular drugs. Manufacturers are also legally required to provide data sheets for all new drugs, giving full details of usage.
Drugs may be administered externally or internally.
Drugs are classified into groups which have a specific action, such as antibacterial drugs, which are used for the treatment of infections, or local anesthetics, which abolish pain. Some drugs belong to more than one group. For example, lignocaine, which is local and surface anesthetic. Let’s take antibacterial drugs as an example.
They are administered internally to kill bacteria.
Antibiotics are drugs originally derived from microorganisms: for example, penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Many people are allergic to penicillin and its derivatives. If such people are given any of these drugs they are liable to develop a dangerous reaction. Patients must always be asked beforehand if they are allergic to penicillin or any other drugs.
There are strict legal requirements for the purchase, storage, use, identification, dispensing and prescription of drugs.
Many drugs are poisonous if taken accidentally or in excess; others caustic and may cause painful burns. Some common sense precautions in storing drugs are to keep them well away from food and drinks; keep poisons locked up in a special poisons cabinet; and to keep caustics on the lowest shelf where accidental spillage cannot affect the eyes or burn the face.
Stocks of drugs must be stored in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions and not kept beyond their expiry date. Records of their purchase, supply and expiry date must be kept for at least 11 years. Any drugs which have passed their expiry date should be discarded, together with any solutions which have become discolored or cloudy.
Certain drugs, such as adrenaline, halothane and hydrogen peroxide must be stored in dark bottles to prevent premature
deterioration, while poisons bottles are ribbed to indicate by touch that their contents are dangerous.
just under two pints – приблизительно двум пинтам
various reference books are available – существуют самые различные справочники
keep up to date with new drugs – осваивать новые препараты
trade names – торговые знаки (зарегистрированные фирменные названия, например, лекарств)
to provide data sheets – обеспечить вкладышем – инструкцией
which abolish pain – которые действуют обезболивающе
EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте следующие эквиваленты слов и словосочетания:
деленные на тысячные доли
стандартная чайная ложка содержит 5 мл
в соответствии с законом
представляя детальное предписание по употреблению
внутреннее или наружное применение
классифицироваться по группам
получаемые из микроорганизмов
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
to be subdivided into
to be administered
a dangerous reaction
1. What system is used when ordering and prescribing drugs?
2. What is the metric unit of weight?
3. What units of volume do you know?
4. Why are reference books useful to practitioners?
5. Who are legally required to provide full details of new drugs usage?
6. How are drugs administered?
7. What groups are drugs classified into?
8. Do drugs belong only to one group?
9. What is the aim of administering antibacterial drugs?
10.What are antibiotics originally derived from?
11. What reaction can develop if the people are allergic to some drugs?
EXERCISE 4. Вставить артикль, где это необходимо:
When drugs are administered to some patients … severe adverse reaction, such as collapse, may occur. This may be caused by … allergy
to … drug administered, e.g. penicillin, or interaction with another drug which … patient is already taking for medical reasons.
To prevent these undesirable effects … careful study of a case history must always be made before any drugs are used. If it is found that … drug allergy exists, or … patient is taking drugs prescribed by … doctor, or taking nonprescription drugs for self – medication this information must be recorded on … patient’s chart, regularly up – dated and … appropriate precautions taken.
EXERCISE 5. Вставьте предлоги там, где это необходимо :
Analgesics are drugs administered internally or externally … the relief of pain. Most pain is caused … inflammation and the most effective drugs … relief of pain are accordingly those that combine analgesic and anti – inflammatory effects. However, the anti – inflammatory drugs mentioned above are all corticosteroids, and these cannot be taken internally … the treatment. Nonsteroidal anti – inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used instead and those that have analgesic properties may be taken internally … pain.
EXERCISE 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык:
Для взвешивания лекарственных средств применяется исключительно метрическая система мер.
Различные справочники помогают врачу ориентироваться в многочисленных новых препаратах, которые поступают на рынок лекарственных средств.
Производители препаратов должны обязательно указывать срок годности ( expiry date ) лекарства.
Существуют различные пути классификации лекарственных препаратов.
Ряд лекарств можно отнести к нескольким группам одновременно.
Многие люди аллергенны к антибиотикам.
Пациента обязательно нужно спросить об аллергической реакции на препарат данной группы.
EXERCISE 7 . Работа в парах. Составьте 10 вопросов по тексту “ Drugs ”.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read and learn the following words:
chest грудная клетка
43
HEART
The heart is simply a pump, which circulates blood throughout the body. Tubes called blood vessels carry it from the heart to all parts of the body and back again. This round trip is known as the circulation. Vessels carrying blood away from the heart are known as arteries and those returning blood to the heart are known are known as veins.
The heart pumps blood round the body about 70 times a minute in adults. The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse where certain arteries lie just beneath the skin, and the most well – known place where this occurs is at the wrist.
The heart lies in the chest immediately behind the breast bone. It consists of two chambers, left and right, separated from each other by a wall. Each chamber is further divided into upper and lower compartments, which communicate with each by valves. Each upper compartment is called an atrium and each lower a ventricle. Note that there is no communication at all between the left and right sides of the heart.
Heart failure, or cardiac arrest, means that the heart has stopped beating. This of course, means that no blood is being pumped round the body and death occurs in a few minutes. But as the heart is just a simple pump, it can be made to beat artificially by rhythmically applying pressure to the chest. This squeezes the heart between the breast bone and forces blood out the heart into the circulation. When pressure on the chest has been relaxed, blood returns to the heart again.
NOTES
is further divided – далее подразделяется
heart failure – паралич, остановка сердца; сердечная недостаточность.
EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте следующие эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний:
Располагаться непосредственно под кожей
Где это происходит
Состоит из двух камер
Каждый верхний отдел
Вообще нет сообщения
Его можно заставить биться искусственно
Выталкивать кровь из сердца.
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
Throughout the body
About 70 times a minute
Immediately behind the breast bone
Separated from each other
Upper and lower compartments
To beat artificially
Pressure on the chest
EXERCISE 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную форму.
The heart circulates blood throughout the body.
The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse.
Each chamber is divided into upper and lower compartments.
The heart has stopped beating.
Death occurs in a few minutes.
Vessels returning blood to the heart are known as veins.
EXERCISE 4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
What are tubes carrying blood called?
Where can the heartbeats be felt?
Where does the heart consist of?
What compartments is each chamber divided into?
What are the compartments called?
What does heart failure mean?
Can the heart be made to beat artificially?
When does blood return to the heart again?
Сердце похоже на простой насос.
У взрослого человека сердце сокращается с частотой примерно 70 раз в минуту за час оно перекачивает около 300 литров крови.
Работа сердца очень важна. Оно непрерывно движет кровь по кровеносным сосудам.
Если прижать стенку артерии к кости там, где она ближе к коже, то можно ощутить пульс.
Сердце состоит из двух камер, разделенных перегородкой.
Правый и левый отделы сердца не связаны между собой.
Паралич означает, что сердце остановилось.
Когда давление на грудную ослабевает, кровь вновь возвращается в сердце.
Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
2. esophagus пищевод
4. coiled изогнутый
5. manufacture производить
6. pancreas поджелудочная железа
8. duodenum двенадцатиперстная кишка
9. rectum прямая кишка
10. remnants остатки
11. orifice отверстие
13. alimentary canal пищеварительный тракт
15. storehouse склад
16. distribute распределять
18. gall – bladder желчный пузырь
The abdomen is a cavity containing the main organs of digestion. It is immediately below the chest but separated from it by the diaphragm.
The stomach lies just below the diaphragm and receives all the food which has passed down the oesophagus after being swallowed. Food stays in the stomach for a few hours while the
stomach enzymes begin the first stages of digestion.
After leaving the stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine. This is a long coiled tube about six metres long in which digestion is completed. It manufactures its own enzymes for this purpose but also receives some help from the pancreas. This gland lies in the loop of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine after the stomach. The pancreas produces some enzymes which pass into the duodenum.
When the food has been completely digested in the small intestine, the indigestible residue passes into the large intestine. This is a wider tube, nearly two meters long, leading from the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water and minerals from waste food remnants. The rectum carries this waste to the external orifice or anus where it is eliminated from the body. The whole system of tubes through which the food passes on its way from mouth to anus is called the alimentary canal.
After digestion has been completed in the intestines, the digested food, which is now in a state the body can use, passes through the walls of the intestines into capillaries where the blood carries it to the liver.
The liver lies just below the diaphragm to the right of the stomach. It is a storehouse for digested food and distributes it to those parts of the body requiring it. It also produces a digestive juice known as bile. This is stored in the gall – bladder, which lies underneath the liver. Bile passes into the duodenum at the same point as the digestive juice from the pancreas.
The next stage of digestion occurs in the stomach, which produces a mixture of acid and enzymes called gastric juice. The acid kills germs and extracts any iron from the food – for hemoglobin formation. The enzymes initiate digestion of proteins and fat.
Food is churned up in the gastric juice for up to five hours before being released into the duodenum. That is why patients must not eat for at least four hours before receiving a general anesthetic. If such precautions were not taken, the stomach might still contain food which could be vomited during anesthesia and cause blockage of the airway. It must be remembered that the protective mechanism of swallowing,
which prevents food entering the airway, may be paralyzed during general anesthesia.
immediately below – непосредственно под
for this purpose – для этого
in a state the body can use – в том виде, который приемлем для организма
at the same point as – в том же месте, что и …
EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
полость, содержащая основные органы пищеварения
отделено от грудной клетки
первый этап пищеварения
попадает в тонкий кишечник
где завершается пищеварение
вырабатывает свои ферменты
первый отдел кишечника
не переваренные остатки пищи
ведущий от кишечника к прямой кишке
проникать через стенку
она скапливается в желчном пузыре
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
the stomach enzymes
the partially digested food
digestion is completed
to receive some help
in the loop of the duodenum
nearly two metres long
waste food remnants
to be eliminated from the body
underneath the liver
What is the abdomen?
Where is it situated?
Where does the stomach lie?
How long does food stay in the stomach?
What does the partially digested food enter?
Where is digestion completed?
What does the small intestine manufacture?
Where does pancreas lie?
What does it produce?
What is the large intestine?
What does the large intestine do?
Can you characterize the alimentary canal?
What carries the digested food to the liver?
Where does the liver lie and what does it do?
How is digestive juice called?
EXERCISE 4. Задайте вопросы к следующим утверждениям:
MODEL: I have already translated the test. (your friend)
Has your friend translated it too?
The small intestine has manufactured its own enzymes. (pancreas)
The abdomen has been described in this text. (the stomach)
Some enzymes have passed into the duodenum. (the digestive juice)
The first stage of digestion has taken place in the mouth. (the second stage)
The blood has carried the digested food to the liver. (pancreatic juice)
EXERCISE 5. Поставьте глаголы в правильную форму .(Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Progressive and Present Perfect)
I (to be) a medical student. I (to have) an English class now. We (to do) just
Exercise 6 and now we (to do) exercise 7.
“ You (to buy) the necessary food already?” “Yes, I have,”
“ He (to come) just to the office. It’s a quarter to nine.””And he (to come) to the office yesterday?” “He (to come) at five minutes to nine yesterday.”
I (to translate) the next an hour ago, but my friend (not to translate) it yet.
He (not to go) to college yesterday. He (to be) ill.
“You (to be) in the library today?” “No, I (to be) there yesterday.”
EXERCISE 6. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:
Брюшная полость расположена непосредственно под грудной клеткой.
Желудок лежит под диафрагмой и получает пищу, которая уже прошла через пищевод.
В желудке пища остается несколько часов.
Из желудка пища попадает в тонкий кишечник, происходит ее полное переваривание.
Толстый кишечник имеет длину около двух метров.
Здесь происходит всасывание воды и минеральных веществ из не переваренных остатков пищи.
Вся система, которую проходит пища от полости рта до ануса, называется пищеварительным трактом.
EXERCISE 7. Работа в парах. Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту “The abdomen”.
EXERCISE 8. Перескажите текст “The abdomen”
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
1. breathing дыхание
2. provide обеспечивать
3. interchange обмен
4. protective защитный
8. diaphragm диафрагма
15. air sac легочная альвеола
17. passage проход, проходить
18. airway воздушный путь
19. surround окружать
20. simultaneously одновременно
21. replenish пополнять; снова насыщать
22. eliminate устранять
Respiration means breathing. Its function is to provide the means whereby oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves. This interchange of gases occurs in the lungs which are situated in the chest, one on each side of the heart.
The chest forms a protective cage for the heart and lungs. The bars of the cage are formed by the ribs – which are joined to the breast bone in front and spine behind. The spaces between the ribs are filled by the rib muscles. The floor of the cage is formed by the diaphragm, which is a sheet of muscle separating the chest from the abdomen.
In order to reach the lungs, the air we breathe enters the 
throat through the nose or mouth and passes into the larynx. Below the larynx the air passes along a tube called the trachea, which runs down the neck to the chest where it divides into two. These two branches are known as the right and left bronchi and they enter their respective lungs. Just as arteries divide up into smaller arteries and finally into thin –
walled capillaries, so do the bronchi divide inside the lungs. Each bronchus divides into many smaller and smaller tubes until eventually ends up as a huge number of tiny air sacs, which comprise each lung. A network of capillaries originating from the pulmonary artery passes round each air sac.
Air breathed in through the nose passes via the throat, larynx, trachea and bronchi to the air sacs of the lungs. This passage from nose to lungs is known as the airway. In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes through the thin walls of each air sac and its surrounding capillary to reach the blood. In the same way carbon dioxide passes simultaneously out of the blood into the air sacs. This gaseous exchange for replenishing the blood with oxygen and eliminating the waste product, carbon dioxide, is the sole purpose of respiration.
Oxygen enters the blood by combining with hemoglobin in the red cells; where as carbon dioxide is carried by the plasma.
NOTES
the floor of the cage – основание клетки
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями из текста.
to provide the means
the bars of the cage
to be joined to the breast bone
the space between the ribs
to pass into larynx
thin – walled capillaries
a huge number of tiny air sacs
EXERCISE 2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту :
What is respiration?
How can you characterize its function?
Where does the interchange of gases take place?
What does the chest form?
What are the spaces between ribs filled by?
What does the diaphragm separate?
Where does the air pass below the larynx?
How do the bronchi divide inside the lungs?
What passes round each air sac?
How can you describe the airway?
What is the sole purpose of respiration?
What takes place in the red cells during respiration?
The floor of the cage is formed by the diaphragm.
Below the larynx the air passes along the trachea.
The bronchi divide inside lungs.
Air enters the body through the nasal cavities.
There are three divisions of the pharynx.
The larynx contains the vocal cords.
EXERCISE 4. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения :
Легкие расположены в грудной клетке.
Пространство между ребрами занято межреберными мышцами.
Диафрагма отделяет грудную клетку от брюшной полости.
Воздух, который мы вдыхаем через нос или рот, проходит по
дыхательному пути в легкие.
В альвеолах происходит обмен газов между организмом и средой.
Длина трахеи примерно 15 см.
Каждый бронх входит в легкое, где ветвится на мелкие бронхи и бронхиолы.
Всего имеется около 300 миллионов альвеол.
Альвеолы о плетены капиллярами.
Стенки альвеол очень тонкие.
Через тонкую стенку и происходит газообмен.
EXERCISE 5.. Работа в парах Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту “ Respiration ”
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read and learn the following words and word combinations: