Артикли. Английская грамматика для русскоговорящих.
Тут все просто. Если не вдаваться в частности, то:
Артикли ставятся перед существительными .
Их всего два — определенный THE и неопределенный A (AN) — A CAR/THE CAR.
Если существительное идет с прилагательным, то артикль ставится перед прилагательным, описывающим это существительное: A FAST CAR/ THE FAST CAR.
1.
Определенный артикль THE происходит от THIS, «этот«.
Неопределенный артикль A происходит от древнеанглийского ANE (ONE), «один, любой«.
Отсюда и их применение:
- когда мы знаем, о каком именно предмете говорится — THE (этот);
- когда мы говорим о любом предмете из своего рода, — А (один, любой).
Таким образом, общий принцип таков: нечто известное — THE, нечто неизвестное или любое из своего рода — A.
I need a car. — Мне нужна машина (любая).
I need the car. — Мне нужна именно эта машина.
2.
Точно так же,
- когда в разговоре упоминаем какой-то предмет впервые, — А.
- когда в разговоре ранее уже упоминали этот предмет, — THE.
I have a car. The car is fast.
(Впервые упомянули в своей речи машину — с А, повторно ее упомянули — THE.)
Если слово после неопределенного артикля А начинается с гласной, то вместо А говорим AN:
He is an engineer. I have an apple.
Так заведено чисто для благозвучия, чтобы не заикаться на двух гласных подряд. Артикль один и тот же, что А, что AN.
3.
Неопределенный артикль А употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе:
3.1. Поскольку артикль А обозначает «один», то во множественном числе он НИКОГДА не употребляется. В случаях, когда должен стоять артикль А, но когда сущ-е во множественном числе, артикль не употребляется вообще:
I have a car. — I have cars.
I read a book. — I read books.
3.2. Также А не употребляется с неисчисляемыми сущ-ми, которые нельзя посчитать поштучно:
I like chocolate. I drink tea. He likes politics. We eat bread.
Шоколад посчитать нельзя, можно — плитки шоколада. Чай посчитать нельзя, — можно — чаинки или чашки чая. Политику тоже не посчитать. Даже хлеб посчитать нельзя, можно — булки хлеба, батоны хлеба, но не хлеб.
4.
Определенный артикль THE употребляется как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.
I have cars. The cars are fast.
I read books. The books are interesting.
5.
Есть еще один момент: ОТСУТСТВИЕ АРТИКЛЯ, ИЛИ ZERO ARTICLE.
То есть, это случаи, когда артикль перед существительным не ставится.
Это следующие случаи:
- перед именами собственными (Коля, Маша, Паша, Даша, Оренбург, Лондон, Лиссабон, и т.п.)
- с существительными, обозначающими абстрактные понятия (любовь, ненависть, благополучие, красота, страсть, и пр.)
- с существительными, обозначающими вещества (воздух, вода, ртуть, бензин, газ, камень как материал, дерево как материал, и пр.)
- с «мой, твой, наш, ваш, петин, машин, глашин, папин, дядин» и т.д., — то есть, с притяжательными местоимениями или со словом, указывающим на принадлежность кому-то/чему-то.
Есть ряд исключений, а так же частности, как употребление артиклей с названиями некоторых стран, рек, и т.д. Это отдельная тема, где надо просто выучить.
Кому интересно, вот 4 простеньких упражнения из грамматики Голицынского попрактиковаться. Можно ответы в коменты, проверим 🙂
Упражнение 0
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. This is . реп. . реn is red. 2. These are pencils. . pencils are black. 3. This is . soup. . soup is so tasty. 4. In the morning I eat . sandwich and drink . tea. 5. She gave me . coffee and . cake. . coffee was hot. . саkе was very tasty. 6. Do you like . ice cream? 7. I see . book in your . hand. Is . book interesting? 8. Do you need . camera? 9. He never eats . meat, he always eats . vegetables, . cereals, . seeds, . fruit, and . nuts. He is . vegetarian. 10. This is . pineapple. . pineapple is delicious. 11. Elaine, . apples are good for you! My . cousin is upset. He’s got . sore throat. This is . cottage cheese. . cottage cheese is fresh. 14. She bought . meat, . butter and . potatoes yesterday. She also bought . cake. . cake was . delicious. We ate . cake and drank . tea. 15. This is my . table. On . table I have . books, two . pencils, . pen and . paper. 16. This is . bag. . bag is brown. It is my sister’s . bag. And this is my . bag. It is . yellow.
Упражнение1
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. This is . реп. That is . pencil. 2. This is . book. It is my . book. 3. Is this your . pencil? — No, it isn’t my . pencil, it is my sister’s . pencil. 4.I have . sister. My . sister is . engineer. My sister’s . husband is . doctor. They have got two . children. 5. This is . girl. This . girl is their . daughter. Their daughter’s . name is Vera. 6. That is . boy. That . boy is her . brother. Her brother’s . name is Nick. 7. This is our . flat. 8. We have got . car. Our . car is not very expensive but reliable. 9.I have nо . pet. 10. My granny has got. headache. She has nо . idea what to do. 11. I have . friend. His . name is Mike. My . friend is very good. 12. It’s . cat. Its . tail is long and bushy. It’s Mike’s . cat.
Упражнение 2
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. Is this . watch? No, it isn’t . watch, it’s . pen. 2. This . pen is good, and that. pen is bad. 3. I can see . pencil on your . table, but I can see no . paper. 4.Give me . chair, please. 5. They have . dog and two . cats. 6. I have . spoon in my . soup plate, but I have no . soup in it. 7. My . friend says he is going to be . millionaire one . day. 8.Would you like . orange? 9. Mr Smith is . artist. Mrs Smith is . poetess. She is not . singer.
Упражнение 3
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. Не hasn’t got . саг. But he’s got . Computer. . Computer is new. 2. His . friends have got . cat and . dog. . dog never bites . cat. 3. This is . tree. . tree is green. 4. I can see three . boys. . boys are playing. 5. I have . bicycle. . bicycle is black. My . friend has no . bicycle. 6. Our . room is large. 7. We wrote . dictation yesterday. . dictation was long. 8. She has two . daughters and one . son. Her . son is . pupil. 9. Last year I gave my . mother . bracelet for her . birthday. She liked . bracelet. 10. My . brother’s . friend has no . dog. 11. This . pencil is broken. Give me that . pencil, please. 12. She has . ball. . ball is . big. 13. I got. letter from my . friend yesterday. . letter was interesting. 14. When they were in Geneva, they stayed at . hotel. Sometimes they had dinner at . hotel and sometimes in . restaurant. 15. I’ve got. idea. 16. What. surprise! Our . parents gave us . DVD player for Christmas.
три годных видео по три минуты про артикли:
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