N.I. Pirogov
Vocabulary list
1. to perfect sum in smith.
2. scientific surgery
3. contemporary
4. anatomist
5. surgeon
6. dedicate
7. scientific endeavors
8. subordinating
9. great goal
10. to urge
11. unselfishly
12. alleviate physical suffering
13. wounded
14. limb
15. rigid plaster cast
16. starched bandages
17. fracture
18. under shell fire
19. resection of joints
20. hasty amputations
21. extensive use of anesthesia
22. painless
23. ether
24. henceforth
25. indispensable
26. hygienic measures
27. to treat patients
28. to embalmed
29. burial vault
30. to name after
31. treatise
32. enlighten world
33. mammary gland
34. indisputable value
35. indispensable
— специализироваться в чем-либо
— облегчать физ. страдания
— повязки, пропитанные крахмалом
— под открытым огнем
— обширное применение анестезии
— назвать в честь кого-либо
— трактат, научный труд
N.I. Pirogov was born in 1810 in the village “Vishnya.” Ever since he was a child he had a passion to be a doctor. Pirogov’s childhood passed in the time of Pushkin and Decembrists. At the age of 14 he entered Moscow University, medical faculty. He perfected himself in surgery. Soon he became a well – known scientist. At the age of 19, he wrote a treatise and was awarded by the gold medal. At the age of 26, he became a professor of surgery. N.L. Pirogov, the founder of scientific surgery, was a contemporary of the most advanced men of the time: Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolubov.
Pirogov is a great anatomist, surgeon and thinker. He dedicated all his activities, all his scientific endeavours to the people, subordinating all his efforts to the great goal. Pirogov urged his pupils to serve humanity honestly and unselfishly by working to protect life and alleviate physical suffering.
Pirogov took part in 4 wars and ten thousands of wounded passed through his hands.
Searching for ways to save wounded limbs, Pirogov arrived at the idea of the rigid plaster cast. Before that he used starched bandages for fractures. Pirogov used the rigid plaster cast for the first time in the Caucasian War as early as in 1847. During the heroic defence of Sevastopol in 1854 – 1855, working at field hospitals and under shell fire, Pirogov extensively employed the gypsum cast and resection of joints instead of hasty amputations. The rigid plaster cast is the pride of Russian surgery.
The great surgeon was also the initiator of the extensive use of anesthesia during operations. When elsewhere in Europe anesthesia was still a secret of individual doctors Pirogov was already engaged in large – scale scientific experiments on painless operations.
In 1847 in the Caucasus and in 1855 in Sevastopol, Pirogov performed 10,000 operations under anesthesia. Pirogov was the first to use ether in removing cancer of the mammary gland. He demonstrated to the entire enlighten world not only the possibility but also, the indisputable value of using ether for operations on the wounded on the field of battle. Henceforth the ether apparatus was as indispensable as the surgeon’s knife to every medical man.
Pirogov’s activity played a great role in the history of antiseptic and asepsis. He was the first to use iodine solution. He underlined the necessity of hygienic measures in treating patients.
Pirogov died in 1881. Pirogov’s body was embalmed according to his reception and wish. It is kept in burial vault not far from his house – museum Vishenky”.
The first street named after the great Russian doctor N.I.Pirogov appeared in Moscow in 1919.St.Petersburg’s surgical community, Second Moscow and Odessa Medical Institutes were named after Pirogov. Everybody can see a monument to Pirogov in front of the First Medical Institute in Pirogov Street. There is Pirogov’s portrait by I. E. Repin in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow.
Questions
1. When and where was Pirogov N.I. born?
2. When did Pirogov N.I. enter Moscow University?
3. When did he become a professor?
4. Who is Pirogov N.I.?
5. What is the purpose of Pirogov`s life?
6. When did Pirogov use the rigid plaster for the first time?
7. Is the rigid plaster the pride of Russian surgery?
8. Was Pirogov N.I. the initiator of the extensive use of anesthesia during operations?
9. How many operations under anesthesia did Pirogov N.I. perform in Sevastopol in 1855 and in the Caucasus in 1847?
10. What is Pirogov’s role in the history of antiseptic and asepsis?
11. Did he underline the necessity of hygienic measures in treating patients?
12. When did Pirogov N.I. die?
13. Where is his body kept?
14. Are there institutes and communities named after Pirogov N.I.?
Exercises
1. Найти в тексте соответствующие предложения на английском языке
Russia has established a wide netwo
Russia has established a wide network of medical institutions to protect the health of our people. One of such medical institutions is the polyclinic.
If a person falls ill he will ring up his local polyclinic and call in a doctor. When his condition isn’t very poor and he has no high temperature he will go to the local polyclinic and a physician will examine him there.
Many specialists including therapeutists, neurologists, surgeons and others work at the polyclinic. During the medical examination a physician usually asks the patient what he complains of and according to the complaints carries on the medical examination. The physician listens to the patient’s heart and lungs and measures his blood pressure and if necessary asks the patient to take the temperature. The laboratory findings which include blood analysis, the analysis of urine and other tests help the physician to make a correct diagnosis and administer a proper treatment.
Any physician of the polyclinic knows his patients very well because he treats only a definite number of patients. At the local polyclinic every patient has a personal patient’s card which is filled in by his physician. Everything
Россия создала широкую сеть медицинских учреждений для защиты здоровья наших людей. Один из таких медицинских учреждений поликлинике. Если человек заболевает, он будет звонить свою местную поликлинику и вызвать врача. Когда его состояние не очень плохое, и он не имеет высокую температуру он будет идти в поликлинике по месту жительства и врача будет рассматривать его там. Многие специалисты, включая терапевтов, неврологов, хирургов и других работать в поликлинике. Во время медицинского осмотра врач обычно спрашивает пациента, что он жалуется на и в соответствии с жалобами несет на медицинское обследование. Врач слушает сердце и легкие пациента и измеряет кровяное давление и, если необходимо просит пациента принимать температуру. Лабораторные данные, которые включают в себя анализ крови, анализ мочи и других тестов поможет врач поставить правильный диагноз и назначать адекватное лечение. Любой врач поликлиники знает своих пациентов очень хорошо, потому что он лечит только определенное количество пациентов. В поликлинике по месту жительства каждый пациент имеет карточку персонального пациента, который заполняется в его врачом. Все
Россия создала широкой сети медицинских учреждений по охране здоровья нашего народа. Один из таких медицинских учреждений поликлиника.ветровому если какое-либо лицо подпадает под жестоким он будет кольцо его местной поликлиники и вызов в врачу. Когда его состояние не очень бедных и он не имеет высокой температуре он будет перейти к местной поликлиники и врач будет изучать его там.
Многие специалисты включая осмотр терапевта, невропатологов, хирургов и другие работы в детской поликлиники. Во время медицинского освидетельствования врач обычно обращается к пациенту, что он жалуется на и в зависимости от жалоб на медицинское обследование.Врач выслушивает сердце пациента и легкие и меры его артериального давления и, в случае необходимости запрашивает у пациента, чтобы принять его температуры. Результаты лабораторных исследований, анализ крови, анализ мочи и другие тесты помогают врачу для правильной диагностики и администрировать надлежащего обращения с.
Любого врача поликлиники не знает его пациентов очень хорошо, поскольку он рассматривает лишь определенное количество пациентов. На местном поликлиника каждый пациент имеет личные данные пациента в карточку, которая заполняется его врача. Все
Ex. 24. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below?
Suggestions for useful phrases:
| When you agree I totally agree I quite agree I suppose so Quite so There’s no denying it That’s true No doubt | When you disagree Of course not On the contrary I don’t really think so Nothing of the kind Nonsense Far from it It is out the question I hardly think so | When you only partially agree To a certain extent I am not certain Yes, in a way I agree to some extent |
1. The state hasn’t established a wide network of the medical institutions. 2. If a person falls ill he/she will call in a mechanic. 3. Many specialists, such as therapeutists, lawyers, surgeons, neurologists, teachers, gynecologists and others work at the local polyclinic. 4. Gynecologist examines the patient, listens to the patient’s heart and lungs, palpates the abdominal parts, feels the pulse, and measures blood pressure. 5. The therapeutist makes the diagnosis and prescribes proper treatment to every patient. 6. In addition to the consulting hours at the polyclinic local physician goes out to the calls to rest a little. 7. The blood analysis, urine ones and other tests don’t help to make a correct diagnosis and administer proper treatment. 8. Any local physician knows his/her patients very well because he/she treats a definite number of patients.
Ex. 25. Insert the missing words or word-combinations:
Ex. 26. Answer the following questions:
1. What medical institutions in Ukraine do you know? 2. What does a person do if he/she falls ill? 3. What medical specialists work at a local polyclinic? 4. What does a physician do during the medical examination? 5. In what cases does a local physician go out to the calls? 6. What patients receive sick-leaves? 7. What does a local physician write down in every patient’s card?
Ex. 27. What do the doctors do? Fill in the blanks with the words below:
| 1. patients; 2. treatment; 3. examines; 4. heart and lungs; 5. depressed; 6. blood pressure; 7. prescribes; 8. surgery (кабінет); 9. disease; 10. chemist’s (аптека); 11. nurse; 12. prescription. |
Ex. 28. Combine corresponding parts into sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the sentences:
1. The physician must know all the symptoms in the patient’s own words and _. 2. The patient’s voice, _ can give important clues to discover not only something about the disease but also about the patient. 3. The time the physician spends on thorough anamnesis _. 4. _ «good anamnesis is half-way to diagnosis».
A. helps him/her in diagnosing; B. facial expression and attitude; C. we know that; D. not to avoid minor complaint that may be of importance.
NOTES:
| avoid[q’vOId] уникати minor[‘maInq] незначний, другорядний clue[klu] ключ | attitude[‘xtItju:d] постава або положення тіла anamnesis[«xnxm’nI:sIs] анамнез |
Ex. 29. Get ready to speak on the physical examination of the patient.
Ex. 30. Ask 8-10 questions to the text «Polyclinic».
Ex. 31. Make up a dialogue on obtained information.
Ex. 32. Read the following dialogue and translate it:
Alex:Hello, John. When did you fall ill?
John:I fell ill two weeks ago?
Alex:I didn’t know anything about your illness till George told me about it.
John:Yes, the onset was so sudden.
Alex:Was it acute?
John:Yes, quite. I couldn’t sleep at night, felt feverish, and could hardly stand on my legs. I had a splitting headache and a bad cough.
Alex:Were you running temperature?
John:Oh, yes. It was very high: thirty-eight point nine. I didn’t know that it was so high and wanted to go to our district polyclinic, but my mother didn’t let me out.
Alex:Did you call in a doctor?
John:Certainly. He examined my lungs, told me to breathe deeply and to cough repeatedly. He took my temperature once more. It was 38.9 0 C.
Alex: Did he diagnose your case?
John:Yes, he did. He told that I had pneumonia.
Ex. 33. Answer the following questions:
1. Did John have a cold or pneumonia? 2. What symptoms did John have? 3. Did he go to the polyclinic to consult a physician? 4. Why did he call a doctor in? 5. What did the doctor do in order to diagnose his case?
Ex. 34. Reproduce the similar dialogue (see ex. 32).
OVERVIEW
The state has established a wide network of the medical institutions. One of them is the polyclinic. Many specialists, such as therapeutists, surgeons, neurologists, gynecologists and others work here. At the medical examination a physician examines the patient, listens to the patient’s heart and lungs, palpates the abdominal parts, feels the pulse, and measures blood pressure. The doctor makes the diagnosis and prescribes proper treatment to every patient. The laboratory analyses help to make a correct diagnosis and administer proper treatment. In addition to the consulting hours at the polyclinic local physician goes out to the calls to examine those patients who are seriously ill. Any local physician knows his patients very well because he/she treats a definite number of patients.
LESSON 10
MEDICAL EXAMINATION
VOCABULARY
| scarlet fever [‘ska:lIt ‘fIvq] скарлатина measles [‘mI:zlz] кір quinsy [‘kwInzI] ангіна influenza [«Influ’enzq] грип pneumonia [nju’mounjq] пневмонія bronchitis [brON’kaItIs] бронхіт weakness [‘wI:knIs] слабкість sore throat [‘sO: ‘Trqut] хворе горло swallow [‘swOlou] ковтати feel a pain [‘fI:l q ‘peIn] відчувати біль complaint [kqm’pleInt] скарга complain of [kqm’pleIn] скаржитись на trouble [trAbl] турбувати cough [kOf] кашель headache [‘hedeIk] головний біль nasal discharge [‘nqIz(q)l dIs’CQ:G] виділення з носа, нежить cause[kO:z] причина; підстава; спричиняти, викликати | tongue [tAN] язик phlegm[flem] мокротиння,мокрота tonsil[‘tOnsl] мигдальовидна залоза breathe [brI:D] дихати take temperature [‘temperqCq] вимірювати температуру strip to the waist [‘weIst] роздягнутися до пояса swollen [‘swqulqn] запалений; підпухлий murmur [‘mq:mq] шуми в серці be coated [‘kqutId] бути обкладеним dilate [daI’leIt] розширювати notice[‘nqutIs] відзначати, помічати medicine[‘medsIn] ліки rales[rAlz] хрипи border[‘bO:dq] межа coach[kquC] кушетка liver[‘lIvq] печінка |
RULES OF READING
| wa | [O] | was want |
| wa + r | [O:] | warm |
| wo + r | [q:] | work word |
| igh | [aI] | high light |
Ex. 1. Read the following words:
Water, wash; warm, ward, warning; word-combination, world, crossword; fight, right, might, tight.
WORD-BUILDING
Ex. 2. Familiarize yourself with the following material:
-algia(pain)
-ian (specialist)
Ex. 3. Read and translate the following words:
A. Neuralgia; arthralgia; otalgia.
B. Pneumonia; hernia; anaesthesia; leukemia; diphtheria; malaria; hyperglycemia; anemia; candidiasis.
C. Physician; pediatrician; obstetrician; technician.
GRAMMAR:
SIMPLE TENSES
(Active Voice, Interrogative Form)
Ex. 4. Put the questions to the following sentences:
1. I complain of a headache. 2. He had a high temperature. 3. My throat troubles me. 4. They feel pain on swallowing. 4. Her heart troubles her. 5. John fell ill three days ago. 6. The patient noticed weakness and headache. 7. The patient feels a pain in his abdomen. 8. The physician will examine your lungs.
Ex. 5. Read the following grammar material:
IMPERATIVE MOOD
| Stand up! | Встаньте! |
| Don’t be late! | Не запізнюйтесь! |
| Do write to me. | Будь ласка, пишіть мені! |
| Let us read this text once more. | Давайте прочитаемо цей текст ще раз. |
| Let them do it now. | Хай вони зроблять це зараз! |
Ex. 6. Read and translate the following sentences:
1. Listen to me attentively. 2. Order this drug in the pharmacy. 3. Take this medicine a teaspoonful twice a day before meals. 4. Take these tablets one every three hours. 5. Apply mustard plasters every day before going to bed. 6. Take warm tea with the raspberry jam. 7. Gargle your throat several times a day. 8. Make the analyses of blood and urine. 9. Start external cardiac massage immediately! 10. Take patient’s temperature at 12 o’clock today and give him this drug. 11. Give me the case reports which are on the professor’s table.